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  • Article title
  • Abstract
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  • Introduction
  • Overview of forage grasses and legumes in ruminant nutrition: Commonly used forage species
    • Forage grasses
    • Forage legumes
    • Integrative roles in sustainable systems
  • Nutritional roles and deficiencies of forage grasses and legumes
    • Crude protein, energy, fiber digestibility, and mineral content
    • Limitations during dry seasons and climate stress periods
    • Anti-nutritional factors and palatability concerns
    • Breeding objectives for forage improvement
    • Critical implications
  • Drought tolerance traits
    • Root architecture
    • Osmotic adjustment
    • Transpiration efficiency
    • Examples of drought-resilient forage cultivars
    • Critical implications
  • Nutritional quality traits
    • Traits influencing digestibility (ADF/NDF), protein content, and secondary metabolites
    • Challenges in selecting for both stress tolerance and nutritional value
    • Critical Implications
  • Plant breeding techniques for forage improvement
    • Conventional breeding
      • Critical implications
    • Modern breeding tools
      • Marker-assisted selection (MAS)
      • Genomic selection and genome-wide association studies (GWAS)
      • CRISPR and gene editing prospects
    • Nutrient requirements of ruminants
    • Case examples of integrated approaches
  • Integration: Bridging plant science and animal nutrition
    • Need for joint research agendas
    • Breeder–nutritionist collaboration models
    • Role of feed evaluation trials in selection pipelines
    • Critical implications
    • Bridging plant breeding and animal nutrition
    • Adoption and seed system constraints
    • Trade-offs between yield, resilience, and quality
    • Knowledge gaps and research challenges
  • Future directions and policy recommendations
    • Holistic breeding programs with nutritional testing
    • Support for integrated forage innovation hubs
    • Policies for funding integrative research and seed availability
    • Limitations and future research
  • Conclusion
  • Author contributions
  • References
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