Management of sunflower powdery mildew through varieties and fungicides application in Debub Ari and Salamago districts of South Omo, Southern Ethiopia

Wondimu Adila; Temesgen Jerjero; Feyisa Bekele

doi:10.3897/ia.2025.143321

Abstract

Powdery mildew incited by Erysiphe cichoracearum is one of the vital diseases of sunflower causing significant yield losses. Thus, the study was conducted to evaluate fungicides ability interaction with sunflower varieties to decrease diseases epidemics of powdery mildew. Three fungicides (Propiconazole 25%EC, wettable shulpur 80% and Mancozeb 80%) and two sunflower varieties (Russian black and Local) were evaluated in randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement in three replication under field conditions. The present study depicted that improved Russian black variety treated with Propiconazole 25%EC two times reduced percent severity by 90.6% in comparison with untreated sunflower Local variety. And also, plots treated Russian black with wettable sulphur 80% two times reduced percent severity by 86.3% and Propiconazole 25%EC one times by 81.6% in comparison with untreated local variety. The highest yield from plots treated through propiconazole 25%EC two times with Russian black (2869.8 kg/ha), propiconazole one time (2781.0 kg/ha), Wettable Sulphur 80% two times Russian black variety 2841.3 kg/ha and 2834.9 kg/ha one time and two times respectively in Salamago district of South Omo Zone and closely similar trends were traced on Debub Ari district. The highest net returns from plots treated through Propiconazole 250EC one times with Russian black variety followed by Propiconazole 25EC two times with the same variety. Therefore, application of propiconazole 250EC with improved Russian black variety has been recommended to the farming communities for management of the powdery mildew of sunflower in study areas.

Keywords

Fungicides, Percent severity, Powdery mildew, Sunflower, Varieties, Yield

Introduction

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the world’s most cultivated oil crop (Joksimovic et al. 2006). Due to its wider adaptability, and high quality edible oil makes the crop advantageous over other annual oil crops and rich source of edible oil (Joksimovic et al. 2006; Alagawanyi 2015; Bashiri et al. 2015; Anonymous 2017). The crop is also drought tolerant including water stress area (Farahvash et al. 2011). The world production for sunflower is 40.21 million tons annually and area under harvest is 26.05 million hectares (FAO 2011, 2012). In Ethiopia, production is 4287.8 ton and productivity 1.033 ton/ha (CSA 2021). This low yield of the national average in comparison world production is due biotic and abiotic factors. The major biotic factors are Downy mildew (Plasmopara halstedii), rust (Puccinia helianthi), stem and head rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), leaf spot(Septoria helianthi) and powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) are widespread diseases in the country including study area which affects crop yield severely (Mesfin 1992; Mukhtar 2009).

Powdery mildew is severe under tropical regions rather than temperate areas and in favorable condition diseases can cause complete leaf defoliation ((Jarvis et al. 2002; Dinesh et al. 2010). The disease originates as minute discolored speck from which powdery mass radiates in all the sides of the leaves (Mukhtar 2009).

Disease management methods such as use of pathogen-free seeds, residue removal, crop rotation and cleaning seed containers before storage are recommended to inhibit the severity caused by powdery mildew of sunflower. Foliar applications application of different chemical group fungicides reduces diseases epidemics (Madhusudhan et al. 2017). Propiconazole 25%EC is a triazole chemical group which is systemic fungicide and moves in xylem system of plant cells in turn inhibiting the biosynthesis of ergo-sterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes and also it has broad spectrum activity against several fungal diseases.Wettable sulphur 80% is contact fungicide which interferes with cellular respiration of fungal pathogens and mancozeb is also contact fungicide which reacts with protein SH groups (Anonymous 2013; Basandarai et al. 2013; Madhusudhan et al. 2017). Host resistance through fungicides application is supposed to integrated powdery mildew management approach which reduces epidemics, in turn increases sunflower yields (Vikas et al. 2015). The disease in important disease in the study area South Omo Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia and some sunflower varieties were studied for their adaptability (Awoke and Anteneh 2022). However, those management options not experienced in the study area South Omo to reduce powdery mildew diseases intensity. Thus, the experiment was conducted to evaluate fungicides ability to decrease epidemics and determine the interaction effects of sunflower varieties with fungicides on sunflower yield and its components.

Materials and methods

Area description

The experiment was conducted at Debub Ari and Salamago districts of South Omo Zone for two consecutive years (Fig. 2 – area description map). The altitude range of South Omo is from 375–3500 m.a.s.l. and its geographical location is 4°43'N–6°46'N and 35°79'E–36°06'E. The mean annual rainfall of Zone ranges from 400–1600 mm and average minimum and maximum temperature of 10.1 and 27.5 °C, respectively (Tekle et al. 2014). Debub Ari district is located in between 36°30'E and 37°73'E and 05°67'N–6°19'N and at an altitude of 1605 m.a.s.l. The district is characterized by mean monthly temperature of 13.6–28.6 °C. The altitude of the experimental site was 410 m.a.s.l and cropping season maximum and temperature as wel as rainfall were characterized figure below (Fig. 1).

Figure 1.

Cropping season weather data for Salamago district (Salamago meterology Station, 2022).

Figure 2.

Study area map of Debub Ari and Salamago districts of South Omo Zone.

Treatments and experimental design

Treatments (Table 1)

Varieties-Russian Black and Local varieties and fungicides: Propiconazole 25% EC, wettable shulpur 80% and Mancozeb 80%.

Table 1.

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Treatment combinations.

Treatment combinations
Local variety with Mancozeb one time
Local variety with Mancozeb two times
Local Variety with propiconazole 25EC@0.1% one time
Local variety with propiconazole 25 EC@0.1% two times
Local variety with Wettable sulphur one time
Local variety with wettable sulphur two times
Local variety only (untreated)
Russian Black with Mancozeb one time
Russian Black with Mancozeb two times
Russian black with propiconazole 25EC@0.1% one time
Russian black with propiconazole 25 EC@0.1% two times
Russian black with Wettable sulphur one time
Russian black with wettable sulphur two times
Russian black only (untreated)

Experiment was adjusted with plot size 3 m × 3 m with spacing between row 60 cm and within plant 30 cm. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) in factorial arrangements with three replications.

Diseases assessments

Disease incidence and severity were recorded and subsequently, areas under disease progress curve (AUDPC) were computed to evaluate the fungicides ability to reduce epidemics. To determine disease incidence and severity, ten plants per plot were randomly taken from the central rows and marked to collect data. Disease incidence was rated as mean percentage of number of diseased plants per total number of plants considered as in the following formula: Disease incidence (%) = Number of plants showing disease symptoms/Total number of plants sampled and rated×100. Ten plants per quadrat was used on each field for disease severity rating by using a 1–9 scoring scale (Anonymous 2011).

PSI (%) = Sum of numerical ratings / Number of plants scored x maximum score on the scale × 100

Areas under disease progress curve (AUDPC) values were calculated from disease severity data from each date of disease assessment as described by Campbell and Madden (1990).

$AUDPC = \sum_{i = 1}^{n - 1} (x i + x i + \frac{1}{2}) (t i + 1 - t i)$

Where n is the total number of assessments, tⁱ is the time of the i^th assessment in days from the first assessment date and xⁱ is the percentage of disease severity at i^th assessment. AUDPC was expressed in %-days, because severity was expressed in percent and time (t) in days.

Crop data collection

Head diameter, plant height, yield and yield related data were collected.

Data analysis

Data like percent severity index (PSI), area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and yield and yields related parameters were subjected to ANOVA by using SAS GLM procedure software. Mean separation between treatments were performed using LSD (P<0.05). Relationships of disease severity, area under diseases progress curve(AUDPC) with yield and yield related parameters were examined through correlation analysis. Separate analysis was used to compare location because of one trial at Debub Ari district under rainfed and at Salamago district under irrigation conditions.

Partial budget analysis

The price of sunflower yield per kilogram and total sale from one hectare and price of fungicides were considered for the cost and benefit analysis. The price of sunflower yield (Birr kg-1) was obtained from the local market and a total sale from one hectare was computed. The adjusted yield was the average yield adjusted downward by 10% to reflect the difference between experimental yield and farmers’ yield.

Result and discussion

Interaction effect of varieties with fungicides on diseases severity

The mean powdery mildew severity on sunflower revealed different levels of damage (Table 2, Fig. 3).Analysis of variance showed that the highest (63.7% and 39.253^a%) mean disease severity was recorded from local untreated variety at Debub Ari and Salamago districts, respectively while lowest mean severity from plots treated with Russian black with Russian black with propiconazole two times (3.7% and 5.92%) in both locations but non-significant difference were observed with Sulphur two times and propiconazole one times in Salamago conditions. This difference might be attributed from fungicide efficacy to reduce epidemics or host resistance potential between two varieties (Dinesh et al. 2010; Madhusudhan et al. 2017). Russian black with propiconazole two times reduced 94.2% mean severity in comparison untreated plots at Debub Ari and 74.7% at Salamago districts. Epidemiology of fungal pathogen was affected by different epidemiological factors (Yasir et al. 2016) Several scholars reported that, propiconazole was found to be effective in reducing powdery mildew severity in various (Madhusudan et al. 2017) and Propiconazole belongs to triazoles group fungicides. These fungicides interfere with the biosynthesis of fungal sterols and inhibit ergo sterol biosynthesis. Vikas et al. 2015 reported that different fungicide chemicals have varied mode of action on fungal developments. Ergo sterol is vital to the structure of cell wall and its deficiency causes irreversible damage to the cell wall and fungus dies (Gohokar et al. 2016).

Table 2.

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Mean value of percent severity in Debub Ari and Salamago districts during 2021 and 2022 cropping season.

Treatment combinations	Final Percent severity from two districts
Treatment combinations	Percent severity Debub Ari	Percent severity Salamago
Local variety with mancozeb one time	24.173^c	20.367^c
Local variety with mancozeb two times	17.033^d	12.957^def
Local variety with propiconazole one time	10.773^efg	11.107^ef
Local variety with propiconazole two times	7.030^hi	8.510^fg
Local variety with wettable Sulphur one time	26.290^c	16.293^cd
Local variety with wettable Sulphur two times	12.997^ef	12.957^def
Local variety (untreated)	63.700^a	39.253^a
Russian black with mancozeb one time	11.96^ef	13.330^de
Russian black with mancozeb two times	8.290^gh	11.110^ef
Russian black with propiconazole one time	9.960^fgh	9.250^efg
Russian black with propiconazole two times	3.700ⁱ	5.920^g
Russian black with wettable powder one time	14.213^de	12.590^def
Russian black with wettable powder two times	7.770^gh	6.290^g
Russian black variety (Untreated)	32.587^b	25.920^b
CV	11.84	19.31
LSD	3.556	4.764

Figure 3.

Field pictures of powdery mildew symptom from experimental fields which shows differences of treatments.

Area under disease progress curve

Area under disease progress curve is a very convenient summary of plant disease epidemics that integrates into initial intensity, the rate parameter and the duration of epidemics which plays critical role in disease intensity. AUDPC is also signature or indicator of epidemics. According to ANOVA results, the highest AUDPC value was recorded from unthreaded plots (778.74%-days) at Debub Ari and 489.93%-days at Salamago district, while lowest from plots treated with improved variety Russian black with propiconazole 25EC@0.1% (102.84%-days) and Russian black with wettable Sulphur 80%(138.62%-days) in both locations (Table 3). At Debub Ari district plots treated with improved Russian black variety with two tomes application of propiconazole 25EC@0.1% depicted statistically significant differences among all treatments and also at Salamago districts statistically significant differences observed from different treatments (Table 3). This varied results of area under disease progress curve attributed from efficacy of different fungicides through improved sunflower varieties (Madhusudan et al. 2017) and also fungal biosynthesis interrupted by applied chemicals (Gohokar et al. 2016).

Table 3.

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Mean value of Area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) in Debub Ari and Salamago districts during 2021 and 2022 cropping season respectively.

Treatment combinations	Final Percent severity from two districts
Treatment combinations	Percent severity Debub Ari	Percent severity Salamago district
Local variety with mancozeb one time	394.38^b	314.93^b
Local variety with mancozeb two times	304.55^c	203.46^def
Local variety with propiconazole one time	204.88^de	202.43^def
Local variety with propiconazole two times	185.56^de	200.85^def
Local variety with wettable Sulphur one time	406.43^b	241.07^cd
Local variety with wettable Sulphur two times	292.27^c	219.01^d
Local variety (untreated)	778.74^a	489.93^a
Russian black with mancozeb one time	184.66^de	211.22^de
Russian black with mancozeb two times	163.93^e	186.62^def
Russian black with propiconazole one time	181.56^de	146.65^ef
Russian black with propiconazole two times	102.84^f	145.11^f
Russian black with wettable powder one time	224.70^d	186.63^def
Russian black with wettable powder two times	167.42^e	138.62^f
Russian black variety (Untreated)	406.97^b	305.87^bc
CV	11.34	16.99
LSD	54.365	65.024

Mean yield and yield components at Debub Ari and Salamago districts

The highest yield from plots treated with improved variety Russian black through propiconazole one time, two times, Sulphur and two times but non-significant difference were mancozeb two times, propiconazole one and two times at Debub Ari and also from Salamago districts while lowest yield from untreated local variety plots from both locations (Tables 4, 5). Yield components also ascertained statistically significant differences between treatments. Madhusudan et al. 2017, reported different fungicides influence epidemics of powdery mildew of sunflower and its seed yield. The triazole fungicides significantly reduced the powdery mildew disease and increased the yield of different crops were also reported by Chovatiya (2010) and Dinesh et al. (2011). The tallest plant from plots treated with propiconazole two times with improved variety Russian black while shortest plant height from untreated local varieties plots.

Table 4.

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Mean value of yield and yield related parameters in Debub Ari district during 2021 cropping season.

Treatments combinations	PH(cm)	HD (cm)	Yield(Kg/ha)	TSW(g)
Local variety + Mancozeb One times	163.80^bcd	9.55^abc	1758.6^e	35.33^gh
Local variety + Mancozeb two times	178.67^abc	8.69^bc	2256.8abc	34.33^gh
Local variety + propiconazole one time	166.07^a-d	9.46^abc	2288.9^ab	36.83^efg
Local variety+ propiconale two times	175.00^abc	9.88^abc	2209.6^a-d	41.66^cde
Local variety + Wettable Sulphur one time	176.07^abc	8.26^c	1638.0^ef	38.33^d-g
Local variety + Wettable Sulphur two times	163.47^bcd	9.27^abc	1778.4^e	41.16c-f
Local variety (untreated)	145.53^d	8.163^c	1289.5^f	31.00^h
Russian black + mancozeb one time	190.20^ab	9.10b^c	1854.6^cde	36.16^fgh
Russian black + mancozeb two times	171.80^a-d	9.83^abc	1884.6^b-e	44.83^bc
Russian black + propiconazole one time	177.07^abc	9.49^abc	1820.7^de	42.76^cd
Russian black + propiconazole two times	193.07^a	11.05^ab	2422.6^a	54.50^a
Russian black + wettable Sulphur one time	180.33^abc	11.66^a	2428.7^a	42.16^cde
Russian black + wettable Sulphur two times	185.27^ab	10.74^ab	2475.0^a	48.30^b
Russian black (untreated)	153.60^cd	10.80^ab	1724.1^e	42.03^cde
CV (%)	9.75	15.21	12.71	7.87
LSD	28.278	2.4792	424.19	5.37

Table 5.

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Mean value of yield and yield related parameters in Salamago district during 2022 cropping season.

Treatments	PH(cm)	HD(cm)	Yield(Kg/ha)	TSW(g)
Local variety + Mancozeb One times	255.60^a	16.83^d	1885.7^ef	35.50 ^ef
Local variety + Mancozeb two times	246.40^a	20.467^abcd	2352.4^abcde	37.50^def
Local variety + propiconazole one time	234.40^a	15.80 ^d	2279.4^bcde	41.83^a-f
Local variety + propiconazole two times	234.93^a	16.26 ^d	2438.1^abcd	43.33^a-e
Local variety+ Wettable Sulphur one time	224.80^a	16.40^d	2206.3^cde	40.00 ^cdef
Local variety + Wettable Sulphur two times	231.37^a	19.13 ^bcd	2333.3^abcde	40.33^bcdef
Local variety (untreated)	255.13^a	18.00^cd	1574.6^f	31.70^f
Russian black + mancozeb one time	257.80^a	21.76^abcd	2746.0^abc	42.33^abcdef
Russian black + mancozeb two times	248.67^a	19.73^abcd	2733.3^abc	42.33^a-f
Russian black + propiconazole one time	251.73^a	25.04^a	2781.0^ab	46.00^a-e
Russian black + propiconazole two times	244.87^a	23.73^abc	2869.8^a	50.86^ab
Russian black + wettable Sulphur one time	261.80^a	24.66^ab	2841.3^a	48.00^abcd
Russian black+ wettable Sulphur two times	236.90^a	21.13^abcd	2834.9^a	50.58^abc
Russian black (untreated)	255.53^a	23.60^abc	1993.7^def	51.16^a
LSD	NS	5.86	544.06	10.81
CV	8.98	17.28	13.40	14.97

Association of diseases parameters with yield and yield related traits

The associations between disease parameters and yield and yield-related components were examined using simple correlation analysis. Variable levels of relationships were found among disease parameters, growth, yield parameters and yield at both experimental locations (Tables 6, 7). At Salamago district, association results showed very strong positive correlation (r = 0.96***) and very highly significant (p < 0.0001) association between percent severity and area under diseases progress curve (AUDPC) values (Table 6). Grain yield was highly significantly (p < 0.01) and negatively correlated (r = – 0.67***and -0.73***) with severity and AUDPC respectively (Table 6). Yasir et al. 2016 reported that sunflower yield was significantly and negatively associated with powdery mildew epidemics. Head diameter was negatively and significantly associated with area under disease progress curve. And also, at Debub Ari district grain yield was highly significantly and negatively (0.51** and 0.52**) correlated with percent severity and area under disease progress curve. Closely similar trends were traced on the associations between and among disease and yield parameters at both locations (Tables 6, 7). Epidemiological factors plays critical role in association of diseases parameters with yield and yield components of sunflower in the study area. This result in line with the results of Yasir et al. 2016.

Table 6.

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Coefficient of correlation (r) between growth and yield and disease parameters in Salamago district.

Variables	PSI	AUDPC	PH(cm)	HD	Y	TSW
PSI	1
AUDPC	0.96***	1
PH	0.18	0.17	1
HD	-0.2	-0.32*	0.33*	1
Y	-0.67***	-0.73***	0.15	0.31*	1
TSW	-0.41**	-0.44*	0.102	0.294	0.44*	1

Table 7.

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Coefficient of correlation (r) between growth and yield and disease parameters in Debub Ari district.

Variables	PSI	AUDPC	PH	HD	Y	TSW
PSI	1
AUDPC	0.98***	1
PH	-0.30	-0.29	1
HD	-0.19	-0.22*	0.46**	1
Y	-0.51**	-0.52***	0.59**	0.71*	1
TSW	-0.52**	-0.56***	0.49**	0.55**	0.57*	1

Partial budget analysis

Partial budget analysis carried out using the procedure suggested by CIMMYT (1988). According to economics feasibility analysis, different treatment resulted different net benefit (Table 8). The highest net benefits from propiconazole 25EC@0.1% one and two times as well as from Wettable Sulphur 80 through improved Russian black variety whereas lowest net benefit from untreated plots with local variety.

Table 8.

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Partial budget analysis, management of powdery mildew of sunflower through varieties and fungicides application.

Treatments Combinations	Yield kg/ha	Adjusted yield kg/ha	Total variable cost	Gross benefit	Net benefit
Local variety + Mancozeb One times	1885.7	1697.13	1740	61,096.68	59356.68
Local variety + Mancozeb two times	2352.4	2117.16	2940	76217.76	73277.76
Local + propiconazole one time	2279.4	2051.46	1540	73852.56	73712.56
Local + propiconazole two times	2438.1	2194.29	2540	78994.44	76454.44
Local + Wettable Sulphur one time	2206.3	1985.67	1800	71484.12	69684.12
Local + Wettable Sulphur two times	2333.3	2099.97	3060	75598.92	72538.92
Local variety (untreated)	1574.6	1417.14	540	50810.4	50270.4
Russian black + mancozeb one time	2746	2471.4	1750	135927	134177.00
Russian black + mancozeb two times	2733.3	2459.97	2950	135298.35	132348.35
Russian black + propiconazole one time	2781	2502.9	1550	137659.5	136109.5
Russian black + propiconazole two times	2869.8	2582.82	2550	142055.1	139505.1
Russian black + wettable Sulphur one time	2841.3	2557.17	1810	140644.35	138834.35
Russian black + wettable Sulphur two times	2834.9	2551.41	3070	140327.00	137257.0
Russian black (untreated)	1993.7	1794.33	550	98688.15	98138.15

Conclusion

Sunflower is an essential oil crop in Ethiopia and wider adaptable crop in Southern Ethiopia region especially in research thematic areas of South Omo Zoe. Besides, powdery mildew was economical disease in the study area which needs special attention. Present study investigated that fungicides propiconazole 25EC@0.1% and wettable Sulphur 80% were effective candidate for the control of powdery mildew on sunflower in field conditions. Those tested fungicides showed varying effect on fungal epidemics of powdery mildew. The study demonstrated that tested treatments ascertained various effects on powdery mildew epidemics ranges from 3.7% in Russian black variety treated with Propiconazole 25EC@0.1% two times to 63.7% Local untreated plots at Debub Ari and 5.92% Russian black treated with Propiconazole 25EC@0.1% two times to 39.25% untreated local variety at Salamago districts. Those two chemicals maintained their efficacy across locations and higher yield observed from plots treated with improved Russian black variety. Higher net returns also from those treatments. Propiconazole 25EC@0.1% fungicide is available in local markets with both curative and protective actions. Therefore, application of propiconazole 25EC@0.1% with improved Russian black variety followed by Wettable Sulphur 80% has been recommended to the farming communities for management of the powdery mildew of sunflower

Author contributions

Data curation: FB. Formal analysis: WAA, TJ. Writing – original draft: WAA.

Data availability

The data will be available on request to the corresponding author.

Gap analysis

Current study was addressed research question in the study area south Omo zone at which powdery mildew diseases was major production constraints and cause significant yield loses. Gap analysis revealed that treated plots reduced mean percent severity by 91% in comparison with usual agro-pastoral practices and 83.35% with unsprayed improved variety. And also 45.58% yield advantages over controlled plots.

Acknowledgements

Authors extends their grateful thanks to Southern Agricultural Research Institute for financial support for experimentation.

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Supplementary material

Supplementary material 1

Sunflower diseases and yield and yield ralated data from Debub Ari at 2021 (.xlsx file)

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﻿Abstract

Keywords

﻿Introduction

﻿Materials and methods

﻿Area description

﻿Treatments and experimental design

﻿Treatments (Table 1)

﻿Diseases assessments

﻿Crop data collection

﻿Data analysis

﻿Partial budget analysis

﻿Result and discussion

﻿Interaction effect of varieties with fungicides on diseases severity

﻿Area under disease progress curve

﻿Mean yield and yield components at Debub Ari and Salamago districts

﻿Association of diseases parameters with yield and yield related traits

Partial budget analysis

﻿Conclusion

﻿Author contributions

Data availability

Gap analysis

﻿Acknowledgements

﻿References

﻿Supplementary material

Supplementary material

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and methods

Area description

Treatments and experimental design

Treatments (Table 1)

Diseases assessments

Crop data collection

Data analysis

Partial budget analysis

Result and discussion

Interaction effect of varieties with fungicides on diseases severity

Area under disease progress curve

Mean yield and yield components at Debub Ari and Salamago districts

Association of diseases parameters with yield and yield related traits

Conclusion

Author contributions

Acknowledgements

References

Supplementary material