DOI: 10.3897/ia.2026.180728

Authors: Abdulkerim Getachew, Abebe Birara, Kassa Chanie

Abstract: This study assessed the financial profitability of two land use systems (Eucalyptus versus crop production) in Dangila Woreda, where there is a significant shift toward Eucalyptus woodlots. The expansion of Eucalyptus on arable land competes with food crop production and threatens household food security in the study area. Previously, land use allocation was not based on systematic feasibility assessments. This study evaluated the profitability of the two land uses using financial indicators (NPV and BCR). A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 316 respondents from four randomly selected kebeles. To evaluate financial profitability, both primary and secondary data were used, including focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and household surveys. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, chi-square tests, trend analysis, and NPV and BCR analyses. The results showed that Eucalyptus woodlot plantations have increased in area over time. The profitability analysis indicated that the Eucalyptus investment generates a significantly higher NPV of 193,978.66 ETB/ha and a BCR of 4.69, whereas crop production yields an NPV of 162,699.13 ETB/ha and a BCR of 1.32. Across sensitivity analysis scenarios, Eucalyptus plantations consistently provide higher net returns and a more favorable return on investment. Despite its higher return, the Eucalyptus planting site must be identified and chosen in consultation with experts to minimize competition with food production.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2026.180602

Authors: Abere Haile, Negussie Siyum, Mekonnen Assefa, Tewabe Mihret, Mesfin Bahta

Abstract: Tef production in the Amhara region and the specific study area faces limitations due to the utilization of low-yielding and disease-resistant tef varieties by farmers. To address this constraint and promote wider adoption of improved tef technologies, a demonstration initiative was undertaken in the major tef growing mid and lowland areas of eastern Amhara. The focus of the demonstration was on the improved Mena tef variety, showcased alongside the local variety under different production practices. The demonstration encompassed 18 farmers’ fields and 5 farmer training centers, with comprehensive data collection throughout the stages. Parameters such as yield, economic feasibility, farmers’ perceptions, and preferences were systematically gathered and subjected to analysis using ANOVA, partial budget analysis, and pairwise ranking. The ANOVA results revealed no statistically significant differences in yield and yield-related parameters among treatments. However, numerical differences were noted across all districts. In terms of economic viability, the partial budget analysis indicated that the improved Mena variety, coupled with the recommended production package, has a relative net benefit compared to the local variety with improved management practices in Habru and Kalu districts. Whereas, implementing improved and local varieties with improved management practices proved not feasible in the Kobo. Notably, the partial budget analysis demonstrated positive returns after covering input costs, even though the marginal rate of return was below the minimum. Furthermore, farmers’ preference ranking highly weighted for improved Mena variety in Kobo and Kalu districts by their important selection criteria such as seed color, panicle length, disease resistance, earliness, grain productivity, plant height, tiller number, seed size, straw palatability, and marketability. Generally, the variety possesses superior seed size and color suitable for both market and consumption, resistance to yellow rust disease, palatable straw for animal feed, and the ability to maintain green morphology even at the maturity stage. In light of these findings, the study recommends scaling out of the improved Mena variety with the recommended production package in Kobo and Kalu districts to create further demand. This strategic dissemination aims to address the challenges faced in tef production, offering a pathway for farmers to enhance productivity and economic returns in these specific locations.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2026.180520

Authors: Abere Haile, Negussie Siyum, Berhan Gashaw, Belaysew Zemene

Abstract: Sweet potato is an important food security crop in Ethiopia, valued by farmers for its versatility, high caloric content, good taste, and relatively high levels of macro- and micro-nutrients, including β-carotene; therefore, pre-extension demonstration of improved, disease-resistant, and high-yielding varieties of sweet potato is essential to enhance farmers’ productivity and income. Accordingly, this study aimed to demonstrate previously verified and improved sweet potato varieties in the selected Habru districts of the Sedeni irrigation scheme in the North Wollo Zone, where the varieties were evaluated on six farmers’ fields to promote improved varieties and recommended production techniques for farmers and extension workers. The participant farmers were purposively selected based on land accessibility and willingness to participate in and conduct the experiment. The agronomic data, farmers’ perceptions, and feedback from other stakeholders were collected and analyzed using a Statistical analysis of t-test was done via Gen Stat version 17, besides descriptive statistics and the Relative Importance Index. The on-farm demonstration results revealed that the Birtukanie variety was a high-yielding variety and more preferred by farmers compared with the Jari variety. Although most yield-related traits, including total root yield, were not statistically significant, the maximum root yield was obtained from Birtukanie (33.56 t ha-1) compared with Jari (31.23 t ha-1), while root number per plant showed a significant difference between the two varieties. Consequently, based on the weighted farmers’ preference ranking, the Birtukanie variety was recommended for scaling up to enhance adoption and create further demand.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2026.179304

Authors: Adane Wubet, Solomon Bizuayehu

Abstract: Fertilizer is a critical input for improving agricultural productivity in Ethiopia; however, both adoption rates and application intensity remain suboptimal, particularly in the arid and semi-arid areas of the Amhara region. This study examined the socio-economic and institutional determinants of fertilizer adoption and intensity among smallholder farmers. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select 304 representative households. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to analyze the data, and a double hurdle model was applied to separately identify the factors influencing the initial adoption decision and the subsequent intensity of fertilizer application. The empirical findings indicate that the decision to adopt fertilizer was significantly influenced by access to extension services, farmers’ technical knowledge, subjective perceptions of fertilizer use, output and input market prices, and proximity to input distribution centers. In contrast, the intensity of fertilizer use was primarily determined by cooperative membership, farm size, household size, annual income, market proximity, and specific knowledge of fertilizer application techniques. Moreover, the fertilizer intensity index revealed a substantial gap between recommended and actual application rates. On average, farmers applied only 19.01 kg/ha of Urea and 24.32 kg/ha of NPS—levels considerably below national recommendations—indicating serious underutilization of fertilizer inputs. To address this gap and enhance food security, the study recommends strengthening extension services, expanding decentralized input distribution systems, implementing market stabilization mechanisms, and promoting evidence-based demonstration trials to positively shift farmers’ perceptions regarding the yield benefits of balanced nutrient application.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2026.180604

Authors: Abere Haile, Nigussie Siyum, Mesfin Bahta, Mekonnen Assefa

Abstract: Sorghum is one of the major staple crops grown in Ethiopia’s poorest and most food-insecure regions. In the Amhara region, sorghum covered a significant amount of cultivated land following tef. However, sorghum production is predominantly based on local landraces with limited recommended agronomic practices, which means that productivity and production are low due to associated problems. This study aimed to pre-scale up improved early-mature sorghum technologies conducted at Kobo, Habru, Kalu, and Dawa chefa districts to create wider demand for improved sorghum technology, enhance technology dissemination, and strengthen linkage among stakeholders. A total of 273 farmers, of which, 50 female-headed households with a total of 80 ha of adjacent farms were purposively selected and clustered accordingly. The result of descriptive statistics indicated that Sorghum variety Girana-1 gave a mean grain yield of 4.57-ton ha-1, 3.5-ton ha-1- and 3.65-ton ha-1 at Raya kobo, Habru, and Dawa chefa districts, respectively. The melkam variety also gave a mean grain yield of 3.98-ton ha-1, 4.80-ton ha-1, and 4.15-ton ha-1, and 2.80-ton ha-1 in Raya Kobo, Habru, Kalu, and Dawa chefa districts, respectively. In addition to this focus group discussion also showed that farmers were very attracted to their earliness and high-yielding traits of varieties as compared to the local variety in the respective districts. Therefore, early mature sorghum varieties with recommended production packages should be further scaled out to other sorghum-growing areas in collaboration with agricultural wings.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2026.183987

Authors: Nazma Akter, Md. Nur Nabi, Sushan Chowhan, Emrul Kayesh, Mohammad Saiful Alam, Md. Shyduzzaman Roni

Abstract: Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is an increasingly popular leafy vegetable in Bangladesh due to its high nutritional value and growing consumer preference for fresh salads. However, productivity remains low compared to major lettuce-producing countries like China and USA, largely because of inadequate cultivar selection and suboptimal nutrient management. The current study was carried out at Gazipur Agricultural University in Bangladesh during the winter to assess the growth performance, yield potential, and economic viability of three lettuce cultivars viz. Green Wave, Grand Rapids, and Iceberg under organic and conventional fertilization systems. Three cultivars and two fertilization techniques were combined in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Evaluations of yield, profitability, and growth characteristics (plant height, quantity, size, and area of leaves) were observed and analyzed. Results revealed significant interaction effects between cultivar and fertilization method for most growth and yield parameters. The Iceberg cultivar produced the highest marketable yield under conventional fertilization (31.0 t ha-1), while organic fertilization enhanced plant height and leaf area in Green Wave. Economic analysis indicated that Iceberg grown under organic fertilization provided the highest benefit-cost ratio (1.84), owing to premium market prices and lower input costs. Overall, the study demonstrates that cultivar choice strongly influences lettuce performance under different fertilization systems, and that organic cultivation of Iceberg lettuce offers a profitable and sustainable option for Bangladeshi farmers.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2025.153508

Authors: Yemata Beze, Fisseha Worede, Tiegist Dejene

Abstract: Enhancement of sorghum genotypes depends on the magnitude of genetic variability within the base population. The objective of this study was to assess the magnitude of genetic variation, heritability and expected genetic advance in sorghum genotypes. Forty-nine genotypes were evaluated on a 7*7 simple lattice design at Sirinka Agricultural Research Center, Northeastern part of Ethiopia. The result of analysis of variance showed significant (P < 0.001) variation for all of the investigated traits except stalk diameter and panicle width, indicating the existence of higher degree of genetic variability in the sorghum genotypes. The genotypes showed wider variability in grain yield which ranged from 0.40 to 3.1 t ha-1 with a mean value of 1.71 t ha-1. The higher values of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were obtained for grain yield (32.56%; 37.45%), harvest index (43.09%; 48.76%) and grain weight per panicle (23.60; 32.8123.60%). Grain yield, harvest index, Plant height and panicle weight had high heritability along with high genetic advance as percent of means. These traits could be improved through direct selection. The first three principal components (PCs) explained 73.9% of the total variability in the genotypes. Traits with higher loadings in PC1 and PC2 are most important in explaining the variability and discriminating the sorghum genotypes.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2025.164268

Authors: Ajiya B. Cleophas, Kamalu K. Abubakar, Damfami Abigail, Abdulmalik B. Shui’bu, Adamson Daniel, Ismai’la Muhammad

Abstract: Despite the economic and nutritional status (rich in lysine and methionine) of Bambara groundnut seeds, it is been considered as underutilized and susceptible to infestation by insect pests in storage. The current study was aimed to determine if Callosobruchus subinnotatus, the Bambara groundnut seed beetles, could infest eight different types of Bambara groundnut seeds. Significant varietal differences were observed in resistance to storage insect pests based on progeny emergence, weight loss, susceptibility index, and development time. The highest progeny emergence was recorded in Deep brown with white eyes (34.62%), Cream with black stripes (33.71%), and Cream with brown eyes (30.99%), indicating high susceptibility. In contrast, cream with black eye (18.56%) and Brown with white eye (18.97%) showed lower emergence, suggesting stronger resistance. Percentage weight loss (PGWL) was highest in Cream with black eyes (5.7%) and Deep brown with white eyes (5.3%), while the least was in Cream with brown stripes (1.5%). Susceptibility index and median development time further confirmed varietal resistance, with CBEB (SI = 1.6; MDT = 104.2 days) and CWBS (SI = 2.6) showing strong resistance, while Black with White Eye (SI = 7.7; MDT = 28.7 days) and Cream with Black Eye (SI = 8.8; MDT = 25.8 days) were highly susceptible. Cream with Brown Eye had the highest retained seed weight (8.52 g), while Black Bambara groundnut showed the highest PGWL (6.88%) and the lowest seed retention (3.21 g), indicating severe damage. As a result, for resource-strapped subsistence farmers, using resistant varieties like Cream with a black eye and brown stripes may be the most straightforward and cost-effective option to improve Bambara groundnut varieties during storage.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2025.163481

Authors: Mengistu Tefera, Genet Kebede, Abere Haile

Abstract: It is one of lowland pulses crop primarily grow in the lowland areas of Ethiopia’s Amhara region. A major problem in mung bean production is the lack of improved varieties that are adaptable and resistant to key biotic and abiotic stresses. As a result, these farmers still produce local varieties, which are low-yielding and highly susceptible to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Two potential areas were selected for this study: South Wollo Zone and Oromia Special Zone in the Amhara region. To achieve sustainable high yield on their farms, farmers rely critically on selecting high-yielding genotypes. This study used participatory varietal selection (PVS) to evaluate and select the best adapted mung bean varieties that meet the criteria of farmers’ with the aim of accelerating their adoption. The materials have three improved and one local mung bean variety (NVL-01, Boreda, (Rasa), and local (Shewa robit) were evaluated at Dawa Cheffa and Ambasel woredas research site and on farmers’ fields. Varietal evaluation and selection were conducted using the participatory mother and baby trial approach. A randomized block design with four replications was employed for the mother trial at the research site. The material was planted in a 5- row plot of 3 m length with a spacing of 0.4 m between rows and 0.05 m between plants. The baby trial approach was conducted farmers as a replication, was planted in a 12- row plot of 5 m length with a spacing of 0.4 m between rows and 0.05 m between plants. The combined ANOVA revealed significant differences among varieties for all studied parameters. Farmers were involved in varietal selection during flowering and at maturity. The most chosen varieties by farmers were Rasa both location but Rasa already popularized farmers adoption scaling up was done. Based on yield potential and selection by both farmers and breeders, Rasa (1731 kg/ha) and Boreda (1690 kg/ha) varieties were ranked first and second, respectively. As their yields were statistically similar, both are recommended for wider dissemination and production in the study areas and similar agro ecologies.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2025.164256

Authors: Solomon Mitiku, Fikru Mekonnen

Abstract: Striga stands as one of the most significant biotic constraints, severely impacting sorghum production and productivity in the northern and northeastern regions of the country. This study aimed to assess the performance of 49 sorghum genotypes against Striga hermonthica and examine the relationship between yield and traits associated with Striga. The experiment was carried out in Kobo, located in north eastern Ethiopia, during the main cropping season of 2022, utilizing a simple lattice design. The variance analysis indicated highly significant differences (p < 0.01) among genotypes across all traits. Genotype E17024-2 exhibited the highest Striga severity mean of 58.9, while the lowest mean of 1.4 was observed in genotype E17008-1. The grain yields recorded were highest at 6.5 tons per hectare for E17096-2 and lowest at 2.5 tons per hectare for E17065-2. At the genotypic level, grain yield showed highly significant positive correlation with panicle length (0.68), head count (0.83), head weight (0.95), biomass yield (0.77) and harvest index (0.8). Both at phenotypic and genotypic level, grain yield was highly significant negative correlated to striga count (-0.9,-0.94), striga vigorisity (-0.24, -0.36) and striga severity (-0.89, -0.93. The first five principal components of analysis explained 86.8% of the total variation and the traits Panicle width (0.76), Striga vigorisity (0.69), days to maturity (0.59), days to flowering (0.55) and plant height (0.46) captured most of the variability. Cluster analysis was done to group the genotypes based on multiple traits, forming five distinct clusters. The highest Striga severity score was recorded in Cluster IV (50.9) and Cluster II (48.2) but the minimum score was recorded in Cluster III (7.9). Hence, genotypes from cluster III can be used in sorghum breeding programs for grain yield improvement under Striga infested areas. The maximum inter-cluster distance was recorded between cluster III and cluster V (666.2). Accordingly, resistance, tolerance and susceptible genotypes were identified.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2025.163461

Authors: Samuel Adebowale Adepoju, Tolulope Oreoluwa Faniyi

Abstract: Despite the significant advancements in forage research and development, adoption rates remain low due to institutional challenges, insufficient synchronization between research outputs and farmer needs, and limited access to quality seeds. The recent studies highlight improved forages’ impact on livestock productivity, including increased milk and beef production and environmental sustainability. It further explores the potential for integrative forage development strategies that combine agricultural research, technology innovation, and policy support to foster sustainable farming practices. This review examines the role of improved forage systems in enhancing livestock productivity, particularly in drought-prone regions, and emphasizes the importance of cross-disciplinary approaches for sustainable livestock systems. The findings underscore the need for collaborative efforts among research institutions, private sector actors, and policymakers to create scalable solutions. Finally, the paper calls for increased investment in holistic breeding programs, integrated forage innovation hubs, and policies that ensure seed availability, which are crucial for enhancing the resilience of livestock systems in the face of climate change.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2025.147493

Authors: Suhel Mia, Md. Harun-Or-Rashid, Md. Risalat Ahmed, Md. Abdur Rahim

Abstract: A study was conducted at the Horticulture Farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University (October 2022–May 2023) to evaluate the impact of NaCl salinity (0–6 dS m−¹) on four carrot varieties: Prima Agroflora, Brasilia Agroflora, Indian Acoo 75 (PI652410), and Sidur. Using a split-plot design with three replications, salinity levels and varieties significantly influenced growth, root yield, and seed production. Indian Acoo 75 exhibited superior vegetative traits under control conditions, including the highest plant height (76.61 cm), leaf number (10.98), fresh leaf weight (6.27 g), and leaf water content (91.27%). Sidur outperformed others in root traits under control conditions, achieving maximum fresh root weight (119.33 g/plant), root length (13.10 cm), and root diameter (2.67 cm). Brasilia Agroflora recorded the highest seed germination (75.33%) and seed production (11.31 g/plot) under control conditions. Increasing salinity to 6 dS m−¹ significantly reduced most parameters; root yield declined from 85.22 g/plant (control average) to 55.79 g/plant. The variety × salinity interaction was significant (p < 0.01): Sidur at 0 dS m−¹ yielded maximum roots (119.33 g/plant), while Prima Agroflora at 6 dS m−¹ produced minimum roots (39.40 g/plant). Results demonstrate that Indian Acoo 75 and Sidur show relative tolerance to salinity (up to 6 dS m−¹) for vegetative growth and root yield, respectively, while Brasilia Agroflora is tolerant for seed production. These findings highlight varietal suitability for saline-prone regions of Bangladesh.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2025.157255

Authors: Agegnehu Mekonnen Tessema, Asnake Fikre, Fikru Mekonnen, Ahmed Hassen, Solomon Abebe, Nuru Seid, Semira Ebrahim

Abstract: Enviro-typing is a concept introduced in the paper that involves measuring all environmental factors influencing plant growth and yield to enhance crop production. It utilizes environmental data to make informed decisions in crop science and production, complementing genotyping and phenotyping. Key factors in enviro-typing include climate, soil information, crop canopy, crop management, and companion organisms. By understanding the interaction between genotypes and environmental factors, breeders can develop crops that are more resilient to environmental stresses. Enviro-typing enables researchers to partition crop phenotypes into contributions from genotypic effects, enviro-typic effects, genotype-environment interactions, and experimental error. This approach integrates phenotyping to comprehend the impact of environmental factors on crop plants. It can aid precision agriculture, breeding, agronomic genomics, and the enhancement of companion organisms. A 4D profile of crop production encompasses spatial and temporal aspects of crop growth and development. To analyze the large datasets generated by genotyping, phenotyping, and enviro-typing, standardized data generation and collection procedures, controlled vocabularies, ontologies, and interoperable query systems are recommended. In summary, enviro-typing is an invaluable tool for understanding the impact of environmental factors on crop plants and can support the development of precision agriculture and breeding.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2025.145975

Authors: Md. Harun-Or-Rashid, Md. Abu Hasan, Md. Shahriar Kobir, Md Shihab Uddine Khan, M. Bahadur Meah

Abstract: This study investigated the efficacy of Trichoderma asperellum CP (IPM 33) suspension in enhancing the recovery of eggplants affected by bacterial wilt. The suspension, with a concentration of 5.8 × 107 CFU mL−1, was applied to the rhizosphere of eggplants at rates of 0, 20, and 40 mL per plant. Ralstonia solanacearum was introduced at the flowering and fruiting stages using the collar region inoculation method. Inoculation occurred 48 hours before and after Trichoderma application. Disease severity and plant recovery were systematically observed. Among the eggplant varieties tested, BAU Begun-2 exhibited a higher recovery response compared to BAU Begun-1 and BARI Begun-5. Application of Trichoderma prior to pathogen inoculation was more effective in promoting recovery than post-inoculation treatment. The application of 40 mL per plant significantly reduced disease severity in both pre- and post-inoculation treatments. Eggplants were more susceptible to bacterial wilt at the flowering stage than at the fruiting stage. These results suggest that Trichoderma asperellum CP (IPM 33) suspension could be a viable alternative to chemical disease control methods for sustainable and organic eggplant production.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2025.143321

Authors: Wondimu Adila, Temesgen Jerjero, Feyisa Bekele

Abstract: Powdery mildew incited by Erysiphe cichoracearum is one of the vital diseases of sunflower causing significant yield losses. Thus, the study was conducted to evaluate fungicides ability interaction with sunflower varieties to decrease diseases epidemics of powdery mildew. Three fungicides (Propiconazole 25%EC, wettable shulpur 80% and Mancozeb 80%) and two sunflower varieties (Russian black and Local) were evaluated in randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement in three replication under field conditions. The present study depicted that improved Russian black variety treated with Propiconazole 25%EC two times reduced percent severity by 90.6% in comparison with untreated sunflower Local variety. And also, plots treated Russian black with wettable sulphur 80% two times reduced percent severity by 86.3% and Propiconazole 25%EC one times by 81.6% in comparison with untreated local variety. The highest yield from plots treated through propiconazole 25%EC two times with Russian black (2869.8 kg/ha), propiconazole one time (2781.0 kg/ha), Wettable Sulphur 80% two times Russian black variety 2841.3 kg/ha and 2834.9 kg/ha one time and two times respectively in Salamago district of South Omo Zone and closely similar trends were traced on Debub Ari district. The highest net returns from plots treated through Propiconazole 250EC one times with Russian black variety followed by Propiconazole 25EC two times with the same variety. Therefore, application of propiconazole 250EC with improved Russian black variety has been recommended to the farming communities for management of the powdery mildew of sunflower in study areas.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2025.148896

Authors: Eshetie Wudu, Fikru Mekonnen

Abstract: Tef, a principal cereal crop in Ethiopia, is integral to the nation’s agricultural fabric. The exploration of genetic diversity within crop species stands as a cornerstone of plant breeding, guiding the development of tailored breeding strategies. In light of this, a comprehensive field study was executed to gauge genetic variability and its correlation with yield and related attributes in tef. The 2022 season at Sirinka witnessed the assessment of sixty-four tef genotypes across fifteen traits, employing a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance underscored pronounced differences among genotypes (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05). With lodging index exhibiting the most substantial phenotypic variation (30.1%). Grain yield, biomass, and harvest index were characterized by moderate phenotypic variation (10–20%).Similarly, genotypic variation was moderate for spikelets per panicle (10.3%), grain yield (12.3%), harvest index (14.1%), and lodging index (17.9%). Notably, panicle and culm lengths demonstrated high heritability (74 and 68.9, respectively). A moderate heritability value, in tandem with genetic advance as mean percentage, was observed for spikelets per panicle, biomass, grain yield, and peduncle length. Correlation coefficients at bothgenotypic and phenotypic levels indicated a positive relationship between grain yield and spikelets per panicle, plant height, and harvest index.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2025.140594

Authors: Ayush Madan, Solomon Terzungwe Gbaaondo, James Nenge, Edward Terhemen Akange

Abstract: This study investigates the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) morphology of Eutropius niloticus and Oreochromis niloticus which are two economically important fish species from Lower River Benue. Fifty specimens of each species were sampled monthly for a period of three months (November, 2022 – January, 2023) to determine their body and gut measurements. Results revealed that Eutropius niloticus had a mean total length of 24.15±1.90 cm, gut length of 18.00±1.32 cm, and gut weight of 6.09±0.95 g in November, indicating a digestive system enhanced for rapid transit during the period. Conversely, Oreochromis niloticus showed a highly coiled intestine, with a mean gut length of 79.75±9.59 cm and a gut weight of 3.99±1.19 g, suggesting a digestive system adopted to prolonged digestion. Both species showed a significant correlation between body weight and gut length, with r² values of 81.67% and 69.65%, respectively. These findings contribute to the understanding of the feeding strategies and adaptive digestive mechanisms of these species to the dry season fluctuations of River Benue.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2025.142908

Authors: Prachand Neupane, Balika Poudel, Binita Wosti, Samikshya Pandey, Mukesh Chaudhary, Ananda G. C., Ram Prasad Khanal, Jay Chaurasia

Abstract: Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) is one of the most consumed vegetables in the world. Chemicals like Bavistin and Calcium Chloride used to enhance the postharvest life of tomatoes have detrimental effects on human health. An experiment was conducted on tomatoes to determine the effects of essential oils on their physical (color, firmness, weight loss) and chemical attributes (TSS, TA, Vitamin C, pH). Tomatoes were treated with different concentrations of lemon grass oil, calcium chloride (1%), and extract of Justicia adhatoda (100%), and the effects were analyzed along with the control. No significant difference in weight loss was observed among treatments recording maximum weight in Justicia extract treatment (12.86%) and minimum in the control (9.73%). Maximum firmness (5.71 Nmm-1) was recorded in 100% Asuro extract treatment on Day 14 while there was no significant difference in pH on treated tomatoes except on the 10th DAT. A significant difference was noted in TSS, titratable acidity on 4 DAT, and vitamin C content among treatments. TSS content increased up to 10 DAT and showed a gradual diminishing pattern in TSS content in almost all treatments on 12 DAT and 14 DAT where maximum TSS (4.933 Brix) was found in 1% CaCl2 and minimum TSS (3.466 Brix) was found in 200 ppm EO. Furthermore, minimum TA (0.21%) was observed in 200 ppm EO whereas maximum TA was found in tomatoes treated with 100% Asuro extract (0.36) at 14 days after treatment. Additionally, the highest content of Vitamin C (0.276 mgml-1) was recorded in tomatoes treated with 200 ppm of essential oil. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the TSS/TA ratio among treatments during the experiment where the highest ratio (21.08) was observed in 1% CaCl2 and the lowest ratio (9.92) was obtained in 100% Asuro Extract at 14 days after treatment. The current study implies essential oils are potential alternatives to hazardous chemicals enhancing shelf life and safety for human health. It is advisable to carry out multiple experiments in a broader area using different varieties with various concentrations.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2024.132491

Authors: Oliver O. Okumu, Rao Sethumadhava, Even Z. Melika, Teklemariam M. Divora, P. G. Samuel, Brhane F. Even, Said J. Yasmin, Tsegay T. Abel

Abstract: Survey on farmers’ awareness of mould infection in maize and groundnuts were conducted in various villages in Anseba, Debub and Maekel regions of Eritrea during the summer period between July and December 2023. We administered questionnaires to various farmers in the study areas to assess their knowledge and awareness of mold infections during storage. Maize and groundnut samples were collected for further analysis in the laboratory. It was observed that majority of the farmers had limited knowledge about the timing of infection, contamination, and risks associated with molds. However, more than half (57%) of the respondents were able to identify spoilt grains through rotting (48%), visible insects (21%), and discolouration (10%). The respondents reported several uses for infected grains: approximately 34% consumed them, 26% fed them to livestock and 18.4% sold them to unsuspecting customers. None of the interviewed farmers were aware of the term “mycotoxins” or the associated health hazards while 67% of the respondents did not know measures for controlling mould fungal infection. There was a positive correlation (p ≤ 0.001, r = 0.804) between farmers’ knowledge of mold fungi and their ability to understand mycotoxin contamination. Laboratory analysis revealed the presence of Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. parasiticus, Fusarium verticillioides and Penicillium spp. Grains from Koffo storage structure had the highest incidence of mold infection in comparison with other traditional storage structures. These findings indicate a general lack of knowledge about mold fungal infections and the risks among the respondents. Thus, the findings underscore the need for tailored interventions through the ministry of agriculture to promote good agricultural practices aimed at reducing mold and mycotoxin contaminations.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2024.131803

Authors: Tize Tize, Patrice Zemko Ngatsi, Sylvère Landry Lontsi Dida, Apollinaire Njome Toka, Thierry Songwe Atindo, Eric Biyo’a Ndongo, Charles Sale Essome, Bekolo Ndongo

Abstract: Anthracnose disease is one of the major causes of yield losses around 45 to 85% in cowpea crops production in Cameroon. Synthetic fungicides are commonly used for diseases management, yet concerns exist regarding their cost effectiveness and environmental impact. This study aimed to control the development of cowpea anthracnose by using extracts from the seeds of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. The experimental design was a “split-plot” with four replicates. The varieties constituting the main plots randomly in replication with two variants: V1 (Tiligré) and V2 (Lori 24-130) and treatments represented sub-plots randomized within the main plot (T0: control; T-AqE: aqueous extract; T-AcE: acetone extract; T-ME: methanol extract; T-Fong: synthetic fungicide containing 80% of maneb) during two campaigns (2020 and 2021). As results, the plots treated with synthetic fungicide T-F: (9.78 and 9.1%), aqueous extracts (10.6 and 20.48%) and acetone extracts (12.2 and 12.3%) recorded lower severity than control plots (64.14 and 59.82%) for varieties V1 and V2, respectively. The yields were higher in plots treated with aqueous extract (794.05 and 926.63 kg ha-1) and lower in the control plots (518.03 and 545.055 kg ha-1) respectively for the varieties V1 and V2. Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) seed extracts could be used in the integrated control of cowpea anthracnose disease.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2024.134984

Authors: Kisan Khang, Manish Yadav, Mukesh Kumar Jha

Abstract: Mandarin has a tremendous potential for export and increased income for farmers of Nepal. However, in the recent years, soil degradation and erosion are the major challenges faced by the citrus enterprises especially in the hilly region of Nepal. The declining status of production and productivity cannot be checked without the transfer of site-specific and commodity-based knowledge and skills to the corresponding farmers. A study was carried out in 2023 to examine the soil conservation practices and status of technology adoption among the mandarin farmers. A total of 80 households from three wards of Dhurkot rural municipality of Gulmi district were selected on purpose for the study. Data were collected through interviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussion, using semi-structured questionnaire, then the descriptive analysis was done using MS Excel and SPSS (Version 23.0). The results revealed that mainly three types of soil were presented in the study areas viz. luvisols, cambisols and sandy gravel, which are highly prone to soil erosion. The average area under mandarin cultivation was reported to be 0.74 hectare, with an estimated productivity of 7.6 metric tons per hectare. Approximately 95% of the respondents were familiar with soil degradation and its consequences in mandarin production. Accordingly, 96.2% of the respondents had adopted some forms of soil conservation practices like sod culture (40%), minimum tillage (36.2%), liming (40%), terracing and cover cropping (95%) and integrated plant nutrient system (31.2%), alongside the traditional stone bunds and mulching. The findings suggested that an increased participation in trainings and contact with extension agents has a significant influence on the importance of capacity building of the farmers regarding sustainable soil conservation technology, innovative cultivation practices, and ensuring frequent extension services to the farmers. Implementing these measures is expected to enable mandarin farmers in Nepal to check annual losses of soil fertility due to soil erosion and landslides, thereby contributing to commercialization of citrus.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2024.132033

Authors: Alisha Adhikari, Sudip Ghimire, Peshal Khatiwada

Abstract: International trade is essential for a country’s economic development and modernization, driven by the dynamics of imports and exports. This review comprehensively examines Nepal’s trade deficit and its impact on the national economy. Nepal’s trade landscape is characterized by a significant imbalance, with imports consistently surpassing exports, as evidenced by an import-to-export ratio of 10.26 in the fiscal year 2022/23. This trade deficit has profound implications for national income, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth, inflation rates, and foreign exchange reserves. This review identifies key factors contributing to the trade deficit, including geographical constraints, limited export diversification, heavy reliance on imports, infrastructural deficiencies, insufficient promotion and advertisement, political instability, low productivity, and dependency on remittances. This study underscores the critical need for export diversification as a strategy for mitigating trade deficits. Developing sectors with high potential such as tourism, information technology, hydropower, and organic farming are essential. Additionally, improving the quality and value addition of exported goods, expanding market access through proactive trade diplomacy, and supporting small and medium enterprises are highlighted as necessary measures. This study also emphasizes the importance of substantial investments in infrastructure, education, and skill development to enhance productivity and competitiveness. Promoting a national brand and leveraging digital marketing platforms can boost Nepal’s export profile. Sound monetary policies and a stable economic environment are crucial for addressing the adverse effects of exchange rate volatility and inflation. Political stability and a conducive business environment are vital to fostering long-term economic growth. The effective utilization of remittances through productive investments and reducing dependency on external aid are pivotal for achieving sustainable development. Through coordinated efforts across various sectors, Nepal can work towards reducing its trade deficit, enhancing economic stability, and achieving sustainable economic growth.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2024.133238

Authors: Yishak Adgo, Getnet Tigabu

Abstract: This study assesses the composition, arrangement, and state of regeneration in Gondar Zuria District. The two transect lines over the gradient were set up using a systematic random sample strategy in order to gather the number of species and their diameter for tree species in DBH (cm). The distance between the sample plots was 50 m, and the transect lines were 50 m apart. 12 circular plots were used in the total sample area of the botanical garden, and the sizes of the circular plots were 6.5 m for trees, 4.5 m for saplings, and 2.5 m for seedlings. Using the important value index and the diameter at breast height, the pattern of plant structure displays an inverted J shape. A review of the botanical garden’s plant species’ regeneration status revealed that, of the tree and shrub species, 6.25% had fair regeneration status and 25% had poor regeneration quality. While 56.25% of plant species that were only available as saplings or seedlings were regarded as “new” at the botanical garden, a total of 25% of plant species were not regenerating at all. At the study site, the species diversity as determined by the Shannon-Weiner (H’) index was 1.58. But this value shows the species diversity is included in the low biodiversity range unless they are well managed from disturbance. The species composition of the site shows a few species; only 16 plant species were found. A high number of individual species are found in the Leguminosae family.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2024.128697

Authors: Vivek Ghimirey, Jay Chaurasia, Nobel Acharya, Roshni Dhungana, Sony Chaurasiya

Abstract: A biofertilizer is a biologically derived substance that can enhance soil fertility. It is beneficial for enhancing soil fertility by introducing microorganisms that produce organic nutrients and perhaps decreasing plant illnesses. An extensive review was done to examine the efficacy of several biofertilizers in improving soil properties, including their physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. The secondary data and material for the article were gathered from a variety of sources, including government reports, published research papers, reports from various organizations, and pertinent websites that were examined and their conclusions presented. Although biofertilizers have proven to be a very sustainable method for improving soil quality and increasing crop output, there is a lack of extensive research on their effects on soil’s physical, chemical, and biological aspects. This study aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of various biofertilizers and their effects. This investigation indicated that biofertilizers such as Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate solubilizers, and potassium solubilizers help to increase NPK content in the soil leading to an increase in the productivity of soil. Moreover, biofertilizers help to enhance soil physical properties (soil bulk density, soil moisture, soil temperature, and soil color), chemical properties (soil pH, soil nitrogen content, soil phosphorus content, soil potassium content, and soil organic carbon content), and chemical properties (population of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes). Overall, by overcoming the challenges with biofertilizers in agriculture, we can attain agricultural sustainability.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2024.135233

Authors: Nour ElHouda Debouza, Taoufik Ksiksi

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the impact of elevated temperature and CO2 on three arid UAE plants (Prosopis cineraria, Senna italica, and Tephrosia nubica) and ultimately to identify species that thrive well under these conditions. The plants were grown and monitored under two different environments (Greenhouse conditions, elevated CO2 (eCO2) with 800–1000 ppm). Seed germination percentage (G) and plant morphological characteristics like number of leaves and root/shoot ratio were observed to assess the different plant growth in each treatment. All species displayed a decrease in germination percentage with increasing temperatures, and eCO2 did not improved the germination percentage with these elevated temperatures compared to greenhouse treatment. P. cineraria displayed a significant increase in all morphological characteristics with eCO2 compared to greenhouse treatment (number of leaves: 670, shoot length: 40 cm, root length: 42 cm, shoot weight: 2 g, dry shoot weight: 0.61 g, root weight: 0.53 g, dry root weight: 0.24 g). Overall, S. italica and T. nubica displayed a significant decrease with eCO2.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2024.125404

Authors: Sanju Thorat, Rakesh Kumar Gangwar, Dilipsinh Sisodiya

Abstract: Gene pyramiding is a vital strategy for varietal development in different crops. By using fewer generations than conventional breeding, molecular marker genotyping can streamline the gene pyramiding process. Enhancing the genetic foundation of resistance is crucial for reducing the burden of pesticide residues in the food chain, making it an effective strategy. The development of different pyramided lines carrying single or in combination of different diseases resistant genes in rice viz., Xa4, xa5, xa13, Xa21, and Xa38 for bacterial leaf blight; Pi1, Pi2, Pi9, Pi54, Pi46, and Pita for blast; qSBR7-1, qSBR11-1, and qSBR11-2 for sheath blight. The pyramided lines consist of either single or combinations of various resistance genes, which are instrumental in disease-resistant genetic improvement programs. These lines are utilized to develop profitable varieties that exhibit resistance to multiple diseases.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2024.127816

Authors: Shu Hua Teoh, Gwo Rong Wong, Purabi Mazumdar

Abstract: Urban farming has emerged as a promising solution to address food security in cities. It encompasses several farming models, such as community, indoor, rooftop, and vertical farms, equipped with various farming techniques like aeroponics, hydroponics, and aquaponics. However, sustainability and yield remain major challenges to fully realize its potential. To gain more insights, we have analysed scientific literature and interviewed urban farmers. Key challenges identified include limited land and water resources, incidences of pests and diseases, financial constraints for setup and maintenance, knowledge and skill gaps among participants, and lack of effective collaboration between universities, government, and industries. This review discusses global initiatives in urban farming, different types of farming models, their benefits and challenges, and explores opportunities to address these challenges. The insights gained from this study will serve as a resource for the establishment of urban farms and the development of strategies aimed at enhancing the sustainability of urban farming.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2024.124511

Authors: Abera Gemechu, Bekele Gemechu

Abstract: Previous studies in Ethiopia have primarily focused on the adoption of improved chickpea varieties along with complementary inputs. However, there is a significant research gap when it comes to investigating the determinants that influence the demand for certified seeds in the country. This study aims to examine these determinants and their impact on the demand for certified chickpea seeds among farmers in Ethiopia. Data were collected from 186 randomly selected sample farmers using a multistage sampling approach. A double hurdle model was used to analyze the data, considering that the decisions to participate in certified seed purchase and the quantity of seeds purchased are influenced by different factors. The results show that land size, household size, age, education level, cooperative membership, access to extension services, seed price, and distance to the cooperative office were found to significantly influence participation in seed purchase. Moreover, household size, education level, land size, livestock holding, seed price, and cooperative membership were identified as significant factors influencing the quantity of certified chickpea seeds purchased. In conclusion, by improving the skill of farmers, guaranteeing the availability of certified seeds through collaborative efforts, and implementing a program that offers subsidies on seed prices, it is possible to boost crop productivity for farmers with limited resources. The study suggests that supporting certified seed producers and implementing a seed price subsidy program could enhance crop productivity for farmers with limited resources. It also recommends policies to prioritize improving the availability and quality of certified seeds for farmers in Ethiopia.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2024.126141

Authors: Bhavishya, Ravi Bhat, S. Elain Apshara, T. N. Pushpa, D. Srikantaprasad, H. Nayana, S. H. Thube, R. T. P. Pandian, S. V. Ramesh

Abstract: Theobroma cacao L., cocoa, produces fruits throughout the year with one or two peaks. The relationship between pod or bean characteristics and leaf nutrient status in cocoa genotypes grown in the humid tropics of India is not well documented. Our investigation found notable differences amongst twenty genotypes of cocoa for pod weight, husk weight, bean count, fresh bean weight pod, single dry bean weight, nib recovery, and shell percentage. Single dry bean weight is an important parameter of the cocoa beans for the industry, and it was significantly associated with the husk weight, pod weight, and nib recovery. The weight of the dry bean was found to be higher in pods with higher pod weight and husk weight. However, it decreased significantly with increased bean count per pod. Higher nib recovery is another important industry trait and was closely associated with single dry bean weight. Pearson’s correlation coefficients indicated pod and bean characteristics in different genotypes had no significant association with leaf nutrient status. Even, the nutrient ratios had no tangible influence on the pod/bean traits, except for K/P and Ca/B, which had significant associations with the husk weight and pod count per tree, respectively.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2024.124263

Authors: Dipan Adhikari, Rahul Ghosh, Sagar Dig

Abstract: Pulse crops are susceptible to salt stress as per different research reports but how far Lathyrus sativus L., responds to increasing salinity has been taken up in this work. Thus, the harmful effects of increasing salinity on plant cells at various phases of chromosomal integrity and nucleolus morphology have been evaluated in Lathyrus sativus L., variety Mahatora. Lathyrus sativus variety Mahatora seeds were subjected to seed priming with serially diluted concentrations of NaCl (500, 400, 300, 200 and 100 mM respectively) and germination percentage (72 hrs), root length inhibition (7 days) normal and abnormal MI (Mitotic Index) with 2% aceto-orcein staining, nucleolar morphometric cum frequency analysis (0.05% hematoxylin staining), total soluble protein vs Peoxidase activity (POX), Electrolyte leakage (EL) from etiolated roots and root metabolic activity/dehydrogenase activity were measured (TTC staining). From 200 mM onwards, significant reduction in germination percentage and root length inhibition resulted and at 300 and 400 mM salt-priming significant reduction in normal MI%, increased Abnormal MI% showing both aneugenic and clastogenic responses were accounted. At 500 mM pre-exposed root tip cells were found to develop gradual blackening and root tip death and very less viable cells with highly necrotic, vacuolated with chromosomal erosions and nuclear dismantling and nuclear blobbing resulted apoptosis in addition to decreased POX and dehydrogenase activity (300–500 mM NaCl-treated test sets). NaCl stands out as a potential cyto-genotoxicant in Lathyrus sativus L., variety Mahatora. The maximum tolerance level (200–300 mM) and at 400–500 mM NaCl has been highly cytotoxic as per cytological and biochemical data. From 200 mM onwards, nucleolar volume and frequency were altered and at 500 mM pretreatment complete degradation of nuclear machinery was encountered. Owing to high salinity significant proportions of C-mitosis and polyploidy were accounted which conclusively established that NaCl surely had a disruptive role to play during spindle fibre formation process in dividing root cells that in turn produced somatic diads and subsequent polyploidy formations (At 200 to 300 mM).

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2024.124320

Authors: Bhojaraj Poudel, Sudip Ghimire, Nabin Gautam

Abstract: Chiuri (Diploknema butyracea) is a medium-sized tree indigenous to Nepal and integral to the Chepang ethnic group. The utilization of Chiuri has experienced a decline, leading to a perceptible gap between agricultural practitioners and entrepreneurial endeavors within the Chepang community. This study, conducted from January to July 2023 in the Rapti municipality of the Chitwan district, Nepal, aims to document both traditional and contemporary applications of Chiuri in the Chepang community, evaluating its market presence, economic contributions, and cultural practices. The research involved household surveys and six key informant interviews, employing structured and semi-structured questionnaires for primary data collection. The collected data underwent meticulous analysis using MS-Excel and statistical tools. Traditionally, the Chepang community employed Chiuri for diverse purposes, including the extraction of Chiuri butter, utilization of flower juice, leaf plate fabrication, liso production, and oilcake processing. However, contemporary practices have witnessed a transition towards packaged oil, various juice derivatives, and fertilizer. Historically, Chiuri butter held paramount importance as the primary source of income for the Chepang community, supplemented by revenue generated from honey, oilcake, leaf plate crafting, alcohol juice production, and liso manufacturing. Over the past two decades, a marked decline is evident, with only 36% of the population currently engaged in processing and selling Chiuri products, compared to 85% in the past. Market transactions predominantly occur in Lothar Bazaar, trailed by Bhandara and local markets, where Chiuri butter, honey, and seeds are the primary commodities. Beekeeping, honey production and butter have emerged as the predominant sources of income. Historically vital for the economic and social well-being of the Chepang community, Chiuri has seen a decline in traditional practices such as Chepuwa (Khalang) oil extraction and a diminishing prevalence of the dowry system. Adopting cost-effective treatment technology is crucial to replace traditional methods and ensure sustainable Chiuri product production.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2024.124222

Authors: Ayman Khaliq, Akhilesh Kumar Mishra, Ahmad Rabbani

Abstract: In pathological conditions, surgeries, or immunodeficiency, opportunistic pathogens that normally coexist harmlessly within the human body can escalate the human system, leading to infections ranging from mild to life-threatening. Combatting such infections requires reliance on either natural or synthetic antimicrobial molecules. Plant secondary metabolites, particularly essential oils, present a potential natural remedy for addressing these infections. The study aimed to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the efficacy of eight synthetic drugs and three essential oils against various pathogenic bacteria and fungi, including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Enterococcus faecalis, Malassezia furfur, and Candida albicans (K4-1). Our results showed that penicillin was highly effective against S. aureus and E. faecalis, while gentamicin was effective against S. epidermidis. Vancomycin exhibited antimicrobial activity against all bacteria except S. epidermidis. Notably, clotrimazole and amphotericin-B demonstrated potent inhibition of fungal pathogens. Essential oils, particularly lemongrass displayed prominent zones of inhibition against all the examined pathogens including the resistant strains. Palmarosa oil showed substantial inhibition at a concentration of 3% v/v.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2024.124253

Authors: Bhavishya, Ravi Bhat, S. Elain Apshara, T. N. Pushpa, D. Srikanta Prasad, H. Nayana, S. H. Thube, R. T. P. Pandian, S. V. Ramesh

Abstract: Cocoa is an important plantation crop grown for its beans, used in the chocolate and confectionary industry. It produces a large number of perfect flowers on the stem (cauliflorous), but the fruit set is low. There is a lack of comprehensive information regarding the genotypic variability in flowering, fruit set, and cherelle wilt, as well as their relationship with leaf nutrient status. Thus, a field study was undertaken at ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Regional Station, Vittal, to elucidate the influence of leaf nutrient status on flowering, fruit set, and cherelle wilt in cocoa. The study revealed significant variations among twenty cocoa genotypes for flower production, fruit set, and cherelle wilt. The highest number of flowers (106) produced on a one-meter marked area on the stem and fruit set (13.7) was recorded in VTLC 05. The lowest number of flowers was observed in genotype VTLCH 2 (16). The maximum fruit set percentage was found in VTLC 182 (13.8%), whereas the minimum fruit set percentage was observed in VTLC 30A (1.3%). Cherelle wilt was maximum in upper Amazon clone VTLC 155 (72.9%), whereas the lowest cherelle wilting percentage was recorded in VTLC 148 (22.9%). Pearson’s correlation coefficients indicated that fruit setting percentage in different genotypes had no significant association with leaf nutrient status, except for calcium which had a significant association (r = 0.596). The result indicated that genotypic variability exists for fruit set and cherelle wilt, and an optimum level of calcium should be maintained in the leaf for better fruit setting in cocoa.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2024.124224

Authors: Indu Balakrishnan, Vrindha Vinoj, Dharani Muthusamy, V. L. Vyshak

Abstract: Whey is a liquid by-product obtained from coagulated milk products like paneer and cheese. The operational cost of the effluent treatment plant is increased by the measures taken for the safe disposal of whey. Importance of the nutritional value of whey and the properties of its constituents has been the subject of numerous studies over the past few years. The present study was undertaken to study the physico-chemical properties and amino acid profiling of buffalo paneer and acid whey produced out of it. Due to the availability of both essential and non-essential amino acids, the study revealed that paneer and acid whey from buffalo milk were both nutritionally significant. There is a significant presence of both essential and non-essential amino acids even in the acid whey which is generally considered a waste needs to be thought of and further researched for its benefits and utilization in the best possible ways.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2024.124216

Authors: Kamal Kafle, Pankaj Prasad Joshi

Abstract: Despite possessing considerable prospective for wheat cultivation, productivity in Kanchanpur remains lower compared to that of neighbouring districts like Kailali, Banke, Kapilbastu, and Rupendehi which share similar meteorological conditions. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the influential variables affecting wheat production and to determine the associated challenges inherent in wheat cultivation within the area of the Kanchanpur district. Given the substantial prospects for wheat farming in this geographic region, the Kanchanpur district was purposively selected, and research was conducted during March and April of 2022. Through a simple random sampling technique, one hundred households of wheat farmers were systematically chosen. Primary data were collected through the utilization of pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires administered via face-to-face interviews, while secondary data were sourced from pertinent journals. The factors influencing wheat production were determined through the application of a multiple regression model. The findings of this research underscore that variables such as the quantity of applied NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium), the educational level of the household head, the extent of wheat-cultivated land with irrigation facilities, and the farmers’ years of experience in the field exerted a significant positive influence on wheat production in the study area. To identify the major constraints in wheat production, an indexing method was applied. The research identifies the unavailability of chemical fertilizer during critical growth periods, challenges arising from damage caused by wild animals and stray cattle, the lack of access to improved seeds and irrigation, susceptibility to diseases and pests, and inadequate market access as a major constraint affecting wheat production in the research area.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2024.124153

Authors: Nour El Houda Debouza, Sunil Mundra, Iltaf Shah, Taoufik Ksiksi

Abstract: Seed germination is the most essential stage of the plant life. Prior to germination, seed dormancy provides protection to the seed against germinating under unfavorable conditions. The seeds of many plants in arid regions are particularly characterized by having a hard seed coat. Seed dormancy is essential to the survival of plants, however in some incidents such as reforestation on desert areas, it is important for ecologists to investigate methods of breaking the dormancy of seeds in order to maximize the production of plants. In this study, we tested four methods of seed pre-treatment (Mechanical scarification (MChip), chemical scarification with sulfuric acid at two exposure durations (SAcid15, SAcid30), and soaking in water for 24 h (Soak)) on 9 flowering plants (Senna italica, Sorghum sudanense, Tephrosia nubica, Senna angustifolia, Acacia tortilis, Senna occidentalis, Abutilon pannosum, Prosopis cineraria, Crotalaria persica) of the UAE. Six germination parameters (Final germination percentage (G) %, Mean germination time (MGT) day, Mean germination rate (MGR) day, Coefficient of velocity of germination (CVG) %, Mean Daily Germination Percentage (MDG) %, and Germination index (GI) day) were calculated to assess the germination. Final Germination Percentage (G) significantly improved (P < 0.005) in seven species (100% in S. italica, 98% in S. sudanense, 97% in T. nubica, 99% in S. angustifolia, 98% in A. tortilis, 99% in P. cineraria, and 93% in C. persica) with Mchip and SAcid30 (1.124% in S. italica, 28% in S. sudanense, 3% in T. nubica,82% in S. angustifolia, 96% in A. tortilis, 99% in P. cineraria, and 25% in C. persica), three species (1.562% in S. italica, 28% in S. sudanense, 3% in T. nubica, 62% in S. angustifolia, and 62% in P. cineraria) with (SAcid15), and only two species (3% in T. nubica and 5% in A. tortilis) with Soak. S. occidentalis was the only species that did not show significant changes in germination parameters after each treatment. Mechanical scarification is the safest and most affective pretreatment method according to our findings.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2024.124261

Authors: Ibrahim Musa, Mohd Rafii Yusop, Usman Magaji, Samuel Chibuike Chukwu, Isma’ila Muhammad, Arolu Fatai Ayanda, Bashir Yusuf Rini, Audu Sanusi Kiri

Abstract: The evaluation of various desirable traits in eggplant genotypes has facilitated the efficient process of selecting and improving them. Morphological parameters have proven to be valuable in assessing the similarities or differences among different accessions, while molecular data have been used to support the conclusions drawn from the morphological analysis. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of 42 eggplant genotypes collected from Malaysia, China, and Thailand. The characteristics under investigation were shown to be highly significant (p < 0.01) by analysis of variance (ANOVA). It was noted that the plants TV17 (5.59 kg) and MV18 (5.97 kg) produced large yields per plant. The SSR markers used exhibited moderate average values for the number of alleles (2.53). The major allele frequency displayed a high average value (0.53) and a moderate average number of effective alleles (2.31). Additionally, the observed Shannon’s information index, expected heterozygosity, and PIC were high (0.84, 0.54, and 0.45, respectively). Using the unweighted pair-group approach with arithmetic averages based on similarity matrices (UPGMA) Dendrogram, 42 accessions were sorted into five primary groups based on similarities. The findings of this study indicate that the use of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers can effectively estimate genetic diversity and analyze phylogenetic relationships. Moreover, these markers can assist eggplant breeders in selecting desirable quantitative traits within their breeding program.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2024.124180

Authors: Md. Jahangir Alam, Abdullah- Al-Mahmud, Md Shohel Rana

Abstract: Mixed cropping is an important cropping system in char areas without an optimum seeding combination of chili, brinjal, radish and coriander. To identify this an experiment was conducted in two consecutive years to find suitable seeding ratio and to ensure maximization of yield and economic returns. The experiment was designed in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Four mixed cropping ratios with one sole chili viz. Chili (sole), 100% chili + 70% brinjal + 20% Radish + 10% coriander, 100% chili + 50% brinjal + 30% radish + 20% coriander, 100% chili + 30% brinjal + 40% radish + 30% coriander, 100% chili + 80% brinjal + 70% radish + 50% coriander were evaluated. The highest chili equivalent yield 29.9 t ha-1 (29.7 t ha-1 in 2019–20 and 30.1 t ha-1 in 2020–21), gross return (10512 USD ha-1) and gross margin (9233 USD ha-1) was found from 100% chili + 30% brinjal + 40% radish + 30% coriander seeding ratio. On the other hand, the lowest chili equivalent yield 11.8 t ha-1 (11.7 t ha-1 in 2019–20 and 11.9 t ha-1 in 2020–21), gross return (4167 USD ha-1) and gross margin (2845 USD ha-1) was found from Chili (sole) treatment. The maximum MBCR (241.7) was also recorded from the same 100% chili mixed cropped with 30% brinjal+ 40% radish + 30% coriander seeding combination. Finally, the combination of 100% chili + 30% brinjal + 40% radish + 30% coriander seeds has found great productivity and profitability in mixed cropping system.

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DOI: 10.3897/ia.2024.124217

Authors: Saurav Bhatt, Sudip Ghimire

Abstract: Maize has tremendous potential for increasing productivity, profitability, and sustainability in agriculture. A crucial obstacle to maximizing yield of the suitable maize variety with appropriate nitrogen (N) doses. In order to assess the impact of varying N levels on the growth and yield of spring maize varieties, a two-factorial study was conducted in the farmer’s field at Kanchanpur, Nepal. Conducted from February to July 2022, the experiment design was randomized complete block with two factors; where hybrid varieties Bioseed 9220 and Arun-2 were the first factors and four different levels of nitrogen (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha-1) were the second factors. Results showed that 180 kg N ha-1 and Bioseed 9220 treatment produced significantly higher plant height, kernel row-1, kernel row cob-1, cob plant-1, and thousand-grain weight as compared to other doses and Arun-2, respectively. Similarly, Bioseed 9220 and 180 kg N ha-1 treatment had significantly longer days for tasseling and silking. The grain yield of Bioseed 9220 (5.48 t ha-1) was significantly greater than Arun-2 (4.15 t ha-1) and the N level of 180 kg ha-1 had a higher yield (5.11 t ha-1) compared to 120 kg ha-1 (4.8 t ha-1), 60 kg ha-1 (4.78 t ha-1) and least in 0 kg ha-1 (4.56 t ha-1). The result indicates that Bioseed 9220 performs better than Open Pollinated Variety (OPV) Arun-2 in growth and yield attributes. N enrichment also boosts yield and yield-attributing characteristics. Bioseed 9220 with 180 kg N ha-1 should be prioritized among farmers to increase the productivity and yield of maize.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023-090

Authors: Murugan Tharaniya, Kandasamy Karthikeyan, Shanmugam Sandhiya, Kuber Shalini, Syed Rabiya

Abstract: Tea is the second-most popular beverage engrossed after water. This study intends to formulate a herb tea using Cymbopogan citratus (lemongrass) in tea bags and evaluate its phytochemical and nutritional values. Lemongrass tea is abundant in energy, protein, carbohydrate fiber, and sodium. The method of making lemongrass tea is straightforward to prepare. It is prepared using lemongrass powder, mint leaf powder, dried ginger powder, and cardamom powder, then packed in the tea bag and dipped into hot water. Lemongrass tea boosts the immune system and detoxifies the body and it includes organic antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties that can help prevent free radicals in the human body when consumed daily. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, quinones, and tannins are among the active ingredients found in lemongrass plants. These chemicals provide antibacterial, antioxidant, pain relieving, cough and cold relief, stomach acid reduction, and aromatherapy effects due to their distinct and fresh aroma.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023-040

Authors: M. Rahman, Md. Harun-Or-Rashid, A. Khan, A T M Morshed Alam, Sharif Ahmed

Abstract: The bacterial soft rot of onion caused by Burkholderia cepacia is a major issue in subtropical storage. At BSMRAU, Bangladesh, examined plant extracts for antibacterial impact on this disease in both lab and storage contexts. Studied 11 aqueous extracts: cheerota, jute, chatim, mander, stone apple, marigold, onion garlic, neem, lime, and turmeric, for antibacterial effects against the disease. Only the extracts from jute leaf and cheerota shown antibacterial action. Extracts from the plants cheerota and jute leaf were used to combat onion soft rot. The test involved soaking onion samples and exposing to indicator bacteria after in vitro selection. Onions were stored for 22 weeks in sterile conditions. Botanical extract application notably reduced infection, weight loss, and boosted onion's percentage disease reduction (PDR). Cheerota plant extract showed the greatest inhibitory effects for controlling soft rot bacteria of onion in-vitro and in storage conditions, respectively which may be the eco-friendly management of the onion soft rot disease.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023-014

Authors: M. Bağdatli, İlknur Uçak, Rowida Khalily

Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the effects of climate change on agricultural production in England. In the study, some long-year average and some climate data were evaluated statistically on a monthly basis. In this study, temperature, precipitation, humidity, and rainy day data for a total of 31 years between 1991 and 2021 were used. Sunny day data were used as the average of 21 years of climate data between 1999 and 2019. As a result of this study, it was revealed that the long-year average of temperature (°C) was 10.77±4.9205, precipitation (mm) was 690.00±6.0076, humidity (%) 78.33±5.8827, rainy days : 94±0.5774 and sunny days (hour): 5.78±2.0564 in all months of the whole year from the research area in the North Sea to the east and south of England. According to studies, agricultural production is mostly affected by temperature, precipitation and humidity. The objective of this study is to check the impact of climate change on agricultural production in England.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023-031

Authors: Getnet Tigabu

Abstract: Soil and water conservation actions on erosion hotspot areas of cultivated lands in the Addis Zemen district have been prioritized for over a decade. However, the impact of these treatments on soil physicochemical parameters in different slope classes was neither examined nor quantified. As a result, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of soil and water conservation strategies on specific selected soil parameters on cultivated lands in varied slope gradients at the Michael Deber micro watershed. The experiment was set up in a split-plot design, with three slope classes as the main plot and four conservation measures as subplots that were reproduced three times each. Each plot had composite soil samples collected from 0-20 cm soil depth using a sampling augur, air dried, and prepared for investigation of soil chemical and physical parameters according to conventional lab protocols. The data was analyzed statistically with R software, and significant treatment means were separated using the least significant difference (LSD) at 5%. Clay, MC, pH, CEC, Ex. p, OC, and Av. P were found to be highly substantially (p

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023-030

Authors: Ayman Khaliq, Akhilesh Mishra, Muhammad Shaukat, Ahmad Rabbani

Abstract: Plant-based dairy substitutes (PBDS) are non-dairy products made from plant ingredients as an alternative to traditional dairy products such as milk, cheese, and yoghurt. These dairy substitutes cater to those with lactose intolerance, dairy allergies, vegans, and those who prefer more sustainable and ethical food options. They provide options for various culinary purposes while reducing reliance on animal-based products. PBDS generally have a low environmental footprint, requiring fewer resources and lower greenhouse gas emissions than dairy farming. Some PBDS are enriched with vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin D and calcium, providing similar nutritional benefits to dairy products. They have advantages over conventional dairy products due to their low glycemic content and hence have better suitability for diabetic patients. Moreover, people with heart ailments or arthritis can also consume PBDS for its hypocholesterolemic and anti-inflammatory properties. They also help in befitting pregnant women, foetus, lactating mothers, infants and elderly people. As plant-based dairy substitutes offer many benefits, selecting products that suit an individual's dietary needs and preferences ensures sufficient intake of essential nutrients. Ongoing research and development in the plant-based industry has improved taste and texture, making these substitutes increasingly attractive for routine human consumption.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023-019

Authors: Elfarisna, Sularsih, Ade Sumiahadi, Mulono Apriyanto, M. Pramudi, Lovi Sandra, Yetti S, Latarus Fangohoi

Abstract: One of the efforts to increase edamame’s productivity is to increase soil productivity by using organic fertilizers. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of compost application with the reduction of inorganic fertilizers on the growth and production of edamame soybeans. The study was conducted at the Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta, from November 2020 to March 2021. The study used a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with five treatments, namely control (100% Recommendation Dose (RD) of inorganic fertilizer), 50% RD of inorganic fertilizer + compost 25 g plant-1, 50% RD of inorganic fertilizer + compost 37.5 g plant-1, 50% RD of inorganic fertilizer + compost 50 g plant-1, and 50 % RD of inorganic fertilizer + compost 62.5 g plant-1. The results showed that compost reduced the use of inorganic fertilizers by 50% with the recommended amount of compost being 25 g plant-1.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023-1986

Authors: Dipan Adhikari, Dipan Adhikari

Abstract: Deciphering the epigenetic code, which will pave the road to understanding the link between genotypic and phenotypic variety, is one of the most fascinating topics of modern genetics. This may significantly contribute to our understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying plants' epigenomic responses to environmental stressors in the context of climate change. As a result of epigenetic regulatory processes such DNA methylation, histone structural modification, and RNA-based regulatory mechanisms, it is hypothesised that chromatin will alter. The interactions of regulatory proteins, including various types of transcription factors, with DNA and chromatin would result in a variety of structural alterations that would impact how genes are expressed. High throughput sequencing techniques have recently been developed to better understand epigenomic alterations in the genome. The use of pharmacological and genetic methods to modify these networks should be made simpler by these strategies. The cytosine methylation of a cell's genomic regions or active cistrons, in particular, is an epigenetic change that these approaches are successful at identifying and studying. To speed up breeding programs for crop improvement, numerous investigations on the interactions between genotype, phenotype, and epigenotype utilising epiGWAS are being carried out. This review will briefly explore the role of epigenetic approaches and high throughput sensing techniques in order to better understand plant stress responses. The value of epigenomic methods and strategies in the nascent "omic" sciences is being emphasized

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023-073

Authors: Ibrahim Musa, Usman Magaji, Samuel Chukwu, Senesie Swaray, Audu Kiri

Abstract: Research on phenotypic and genotypic and associations between traits of eggplants provide valuable insights into the intricate dynamics of breeding programs. By understanding the relationships between different traits, breeders can effectively plan, evaluate, and establish selection criteria to cultivate desired characteristics in eggplant. The aim of this experiment was to determine the correlation coefficients, both phenotypic and genotypic, among various characters related to yield and to analyse the direct and indirect effects of these traits on yield per plant using path analysis. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used to arrange the plants and replicated three times. The results across the seasons indicated significant variations (p≤0.05) of all the traits examined. Research on correlation has indicated a significant and strong relationship between the main traits that contribute to crop yield (fruit length and fruit weight) at both the phenotypic and genotypic levels. Furthermore, several traits including the number of fruits, fruit weight, fruit length, stomata conductance, transpiration rate, and photosynthetic rate have demonstrated a significant and positive correlation with yield per plant. These traits have also exhibited a direct influence on yield. Conversely, traits such as fruit diameter and stomata conductance have displayed a strong and positive indirect impact on yield through their influence on fruit weight, number of fruits, and number of branches. In tropical conditions, the variables of yield component and physiological traits have been found to be positively correlated with higher eggplant yields. Consequently, these variables can serve as reliable indicators for indirect selection for yield in eggplant cultivation.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023-032

Authors: Bidhya Chhetri, Suraj K.C., Sudip Ghimire

Abstract: Ginger has the potential for export and increased income for farmers in Nepal. Proper post-harvest handling practices has led to low market prices and significant post-harvest losses of ginger. This study was conducted in Palpa district to examine the post-harvest practices and technology adoption among ginger farmers. Data from 66 farmers in Bagnashkali, Purbakhola, Nisdi, and Rampur municipalities was collected through interviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Descriptive analysis was performed using MS Excel and SPSS. Results showed that 72.7% of farmers practiced storage, with Bhakari (60.41%) and Pit (39.59%) being the common storage types. Storage molds affected 72.2% of respondents, while 28.8% reported wrinkling during storage. Washing was practiced by only 7.6% of farmers. Manual grading was reported by all respondents, with no commercial grading observed. Black sutho production was carried out by 65.2% of farmers. Value addition activities such as sorting were practiced by 65% of respondents, while 25% engaged in transportation and packaging. Respondents' awareness of ginger post-harvest practices varied, with 75.76% having low awareness, 16.66% medium awareness, and 7.58% high awareness. Farmers' general precautions during harvesting, such as avoiding rhizome injury and minimal trimming and sorting, were not accompanied by specific precautionary practices, contributing to their challenges. The findings emphasize the importance of adopting modern post-harvest practices to increase production, improve product quality, and command higher market prices. Implementing these measures will enable ginger farmers in Palpa district to enhance their income and contribute to the growth of the ginger industry in Nepal.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023-021

Authors: Bidhya Chhetri, Sudip Ghimire

Abstract: Gender disparities' sensitivity to climate change impacts in agriculture is a major source of concern. This review investigates the gender-specific effects of climate change on the agricultural sector. The study is based on a meticulous review of over sixty-seven published reports, documents, articles, and presentations by the Government of Nepal (GoN) and numerous international organizations active in the domains of gender, climate change, and agriculture. We also examine the experiences of men and women regarding the impacts of climate change on agriculture in Nepal, encompassing their respective roles, duties, and vulnerabilities. This study actively contributes to the ongoing international discourse on gender and climate change. The literature review reveals that while climate change affects both men and women, it disproportionately increases the workload for women due to their limited access to reliable weather prediction information, crop and livelihood diversification alternatives, and decision-making authority. Incorporating gender considerations into initiatives for climate change adaptation and mitigation can result in enhanced and enduring solutions. This study concludes that climate change impacts have the potential to exacerbate existing gender inequalities and recommends the adoption of gender-responsive approaches when addressing climate change challenges.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023-016

Authors: Esubalew Mekuriaw, Dawit Sisay, Dereje Ayalew

Abstract: Seed producer cooperatives (SPCs) are important for improving the seed supply and thus contributing to increased access to seed. This paper assessed the seed production and marketing experiences of SPCs and factors affecting their performance in the northwest of Ethiopia. Data were collected from 117 members of the two SPCs and from ten local experts. Both quantitative and qualitative data collection procedures were employed. The study identified three ‘market outlets’ for the seed produced by cooperative members, namely seed sold to external buyers through SPCs, sold in the local market as seed, and used as seed (planting material) by individual members for the next cropping season. A large volume of seed (88.3%) has been sold through SPCs to external buyers, indicating less side-selling by cooperative members. Basic seed shortage, high basic seed price, market fluctuation, limited engagement and influence of SPCs in the seed value chain, weak competitor orientation, and limited management capabilities are key factors that limit the seed production and marketing performance of the SPCs. This study contributes to the increasing body of literature on the key role of cooperatives in agricultural-based economic development. SPCs should be able to develop their adaptation strategy to withstand the influence of internal and external factors that affect their seed production and marketing activities.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023-013

Authors: Olufelo Olusola, Alegiledoye Oladimeji, Eze Norbert

Abstract: Grain moisture content is a key indicator of an appropriate harvest period of seeds on the field and could also be used to effectively stabilize cereal products especially when physical attributes is to be evaluated. This study evaluated effect of time of harvest at different moisture contents on seed yield attributes of ten pigeon pea genotypes. The ten pigeon pea genotypes used for the experiment were sourced from International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. The field experiment was a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The seeds were harvested at maturity on the field at 12, 15 and 17 % moisture content. At each harvested moisture content, the following seed yield parameters were evaluated periodically on five observational plants from each net plot-; number of pods per plant, number of seeds/pod, seed yield/plant, pod weight /plant, 100 seed weight/plot and seed production efficiency. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and Principal component analysis was used to identify characters that contributed majorly to variation within the genotypes under each treatment. The result showed that NSWCC-18b, NSWCC-19 and NSWCC-18 had an outstanding performance in the entire seed- yield attributes, evaluated for various moisture contents and could therefore, be used as dependable genotypes in pigeon pea seed development programme. It is thereby, recommended that, pigeon pea seeds should be harvested at 15% moisture content for effective maintenance of quality, quantity and vigor.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023-018

Authors: Oliver Okumu, James Muthomi, John Ojiem, John Nderitu

Abstract: Organic manures often have considerable residual effect on the subsequent crops in the soil. Residual effects of lablab green manure on root rot pathogens and bean crop establishment was evaluated by conducting field experiments at two sites with varying soil fertility in Nandi South. Common bean varieties KK8 and GLP2 seeds were planted on plots previously treated with different soil amendments. Soil samples were collected before planting and six weeks after emergence to determine the populations of root rot pathogens. Throughout the experiment, data was collected on crop emergence, plant stand, root rot incidence and severity, as well as crop yield. There was increase in crop emergence by 40% for GLP2 and 19% for KK8 with corresponding 7% reduction in root rot incidence in plots previously treated with lablab green manure. There was varitions in the population of root rot pathogens between the two studies, with Kapkerer exhibiting a higher pathogen population compared to Koibem. The primary root rot pathogens isolated and identified were F. solani, F. oxysporum and Pythium ultimum. F. solani and F. oxysporum were the most dominant species isolated in over 90% plant and soil samples. Residual plots treated with lablab green manure recorded a substantial in yield with an impressive increase of 22% when compared to other treatments. Correlation analysis established that disease incidence, and severity was negatively correlated with yield while plant stand was positively correlated with yield. Our research highlights the long-term benefits of lablab green manure as an organic soil amendment, showcasing its ability to improve crop emergence, reduce root rot incidence, and boost overall crop yield. This knowledge can guide farmers in optimizing their agricultural practices for increased productivity and sustainable soil health.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023-012

Authors: Pavel Rout, Shreya Saha

Abstract: Frozen desserts, including ice cream and related products, have captivated consumer palates for centuries due to their unique combination of taste, texture, and temperature. The complex interplay between ingredients, processing techniques, and the inherent rheological behaviour of these confections has drawn the attention of scientists, engineers, and food technologists alike. Beginning with fundamental insights into the molecular interactions and phase transitions during freezing and storage, the review elucidates the evolving structure-property relationships that define the viscoelastic behaviour of frozen dessert matrices. By dissecting the role of key ingredients, additives, and processing techniques, this article provides a cohesive framework for tailoring the rheological profiles of frozen desserts to achieve desired sensory experiences and stability. Cutting-edge analytical methods, including dynamic mechanical analysis and microstructural imaging, are discussed in the context of their contributions to characterizing and predicting rheological behaviour. The review also highlights practical applications arising from this improved understanding, such as optimized manufacturing processes, enhanced quality control, and the potential to develop novel frozen dessert products with superior texture and flavour delivery. Bridging the gap between scientific insight and industrial practice, this article serves as a valuable resource for researchers, food technologists, and practitioners seeking to advance frozen dessert technology while ensuring product consistency and consumer satisfaction.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023-06

Authors: Haania Ishaq, Kalidoss Rajendran, Kainat Nisar

Abstract: Caralluma tuberculata N.E. Brown is a xerophytic, perennial herb. Asclepiadaceae is the family where it originates. The species C. tuberculata has been the subject of investigation by the biologists because either the crude extracts or the purified compounds have a wide variety of biological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-microbial and to cure human diseases such as stomach disorders, diabetes, muscular ache, skin problems and as appetizer. The present article made the review on phytochemical and pharmacological activity of C. tuberculata and summarized the biological activities of the crude solvent extracts. Finally, it can be concluded that the crude extracts of C. tuberculata have both in vitro and in vivo biological activities.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023-09

Authors: Olufelo Olusola, Sharon Ifechi, Ukabiala Ekeoma

Abstract: The physical quality and physiological performance of seeds can be influenced by numerous factors, including the moisture content at harvest and drying temperature. This study evaluated the effect of time of harvest at different moisture contents on physiological attributes and storability potential of pigeon pea in the tropics. The ten pigeon pea genotypes used for the experiment were sourced from International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. The field experiment was a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The seeds were harvested at maturity on the field at 12, 15 and 17 % moisture content. Harvested seeds from each treatment were divided into three seed lots of 400g each with three (3) replicate each. Packaged seed lots of each treatment were stored under ambient environment. The temperature and relative humidity of the seed stores were monitored and maintained daily using hygrometers. Seed samples were taken from each packaged seed lot for evaluation at 30-days interval for a period of 240 days. The following physiological attributes were evaluated-;Standard germination, Seedling Vigor Index, Acceleration ageing and mean Germination index. Data collected from the above experiment on different characters were subjected to analysis of variance. The study concludes that the anticipation of harvest and drying seed at moisture content above 12 and 15 % in pigeon pea on the field resulted in low and poor physiological performance. Also, pigeon pea harvested with higher moisture (17%) are more susceptible to damage which cause lower viability and seedling vigour with corresponding higher mean germination time. The study showed that, best results across the evaluated attributes during the time of storage were associated with genotypes with the lowest and moderate percentage of moisture at harvest. Therefore, for better physiological performance, optimal harvest timing for pigeon pea seeds should be at 12 to 15% range of moisture content but preferably, 15% in other to reduce the rate of seed scattering and wastages through pod dehiscence.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023-08

Authors: Oliver Okumu, Philip Wendot, N. Tesfa Michael Abraha

Abstract: Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is the second most important cereal grown in Eritrea after sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) grown under low input systems by small scale farmers. The crop utilizes soil moisture efficiently and has ability to tolerate soil toxicity and extreme temperatures than other cereals. It is a sustenance and food security crop important for its nutritive and cultural value and provides dietary energy and nutrition. However, despite the positive attributes and qualities of pearl millets for the present and future agriculture, production has been low. We attribute this to inadequate rainfall distribution, poor crop management by poorly resourced farmers, unavailability and high prices of farm inputs such as fertilizer and pesticides and low adoption of improved varieties by the farmers. This review outlines the constraints, interventions the government/ farmers have and can implement and the prospects of actions that can improve pearl millet production. As much as there have been efforts by the government and stakeholders to address these challenges and improve productivity of pearl millet, more needs to be done to meet the increasing demand of the increasing populations. This will enable farmers to intensify and diversify their agricultural systems and improve food security situation in the country. Unless a combined effort in soil fertility improvement, policies to promote use of modern varieties and conservation of and promotion of this crop biodiversity, the potential of this crop as famine and poverty alleviation among the rural poor will not be realized.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023-07

Authors: V. Muniappan, B. Hepsibha, P. Jayanthi

Abstract: As a remedy to meet the current alarming situation caused by chemical fertilizers, agricultural sectors are now refocusing on organic manure production from food waste. Banana wastes have potential biomass and nutrients which could be reutilized. This study aimed to assess the potential of fermented banana waste as a biofertilizer. Banana fruit waste was fermented using cow dung and cow urine. The Physico-chemical components, total bacterial load, phosphate solubilizers count, fecal coliforms count, and germination index of the prepared Fermented Banana Waste – Biofertilizer (FBW-B) was studied. pH of 6.72 and EC value of 19.41 ± 0.09 ms/cm were observed in Fermented Banana Waste - Biofertilizer (FBW-B). The mineral content of FBW-B was: total nitrogen (0.26 ± 0.001), phosphorus (0.35 ± 0.02), potassium (0.04 ± 0.00 %), calcium (2096 ± 12.08 mg/kg), magnesium (595 ± 4.23 mg/kg), sulphur (169 ± 10.7 mg/kg), iron (122.6 ± 0.92 mg/kg), zinc (8.38 ± 0.9 mg/kg), copper (2.41 ± 0.1 mg/kg), lead (4.34 ± 0.02 mg/kg) and manganese (9.83 ± 0.7 mg/kg). In the bacterial population, phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) in a considerable count were noted in FBW-B with the absence of fecal coliforms. Germination test shows that FBW-B has growth promotion potential after 50 fold dilution. The outcome of the study contributes to the development of organic liquid fertilizer from fruit waste and alleviates the effect of disposed of fruit waste and harmful effects of chemical fertilizers on the environment and humans.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023-03

Authors: K. Amutha, Sagaya Giri, M. Boominathan

Abstract: Teak (Tectona grandis L.) leaves can aid in the treatment of inflammations, leprosy, skin diseases, and indolent ulcers. Dyes are important in human life because they are both safe and environmentally friendly. In the present investigation teak leaves were evaluated macro, microscopical and fluorescence methods. The results showed that the teak leaves have dorsal and ventral surfaces that are 30-60 cm long and 20-30 cm wide. Teak leaf powder was given a yellow tint after being treated with diluted ammonia and H2SO4 to reveal the presence of flavonoids. FeCl3 generated a black coloration after a few drops, indicating the presence of tannin. While dinitrophenol hydrazine showed the presence of terpenoids, blue, green, or red coloring indicates the presence of polyphenol. Under both regular and UV light, the fluorescence behavior of teak powder under various situations were investigated.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023-05

Authors: V. Muniappan, B. Hepsibha, K. Karthik, R. Priyanka

Abstract: Continuous exploitation of petroleum hydrocarbons in various industries has led to their release as hazardous pollutants into the environment. Contamination by these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons had negatively shifted the structures of the rhizobial community, soil properties, ecological functions and human health. Hence, clean-up of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil by a low-cost and effective strategy is the need of the hour. Among physical, chemical and biological methods, the biological method utilizing the efficiency of endophytes in reclamation of polluted soil is eco-friendly and cost-effective. Fungi (Endophytic fungi) are ubiquitous species that have the genetic potential to remediate the hydrocarbons in the soil in association with plants. This review highlights the hydrocarbon remediation mechanisms adopted by endophytic fungi which could be made used in the development of eco-friendly, sustainable-low-cost remediation technology to restore polluted soil.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023-04

Authors: Enow Takang Achuo Albert, Ngalle Bille, Ngonkeu Mangaptche Eddy Leonard

Abstract: Within the last decade and a half, ConvNet models have shown increasingly impressive performances on image classification tasks. The continuous quest for better performing ConvNet models is of great importance in that it provides an avenue for the development of superior models which would serve to improve many much-needed services to humankind in domains such as crop pest and disease detection. This paper proposes a feature extraction ConvNet, called Detection, with aim to improve plant disease recognition. Detection contains four convolutional layers, four batch normalization layers and two max-pooling layers. For reference, its plant disease recognition performance was compared with the feature extraction layers for AlexNet, LeNet-5, ZFNet and VGGNet on four datasets from PlantVillage: bacterial spot disease (bell pepper), late blight disease (tomato), leaf mold disease (tomato) and yellow leaf curl disease (tomato). Prior to ablation testing, it achieved the second-highest overall classification accuracy over all four disease recognition datasets (65.50%) after AlexNet (84.33%). However, ablation tests revealed that the removal of the second convolutional layer from the network resulted in a 24.08% increase in overall accuracy on all four disease recognition datasets, up from 65.50% accuracy without the ablation. This surpassed AlexNet’s overall accuracy on all four disease recognition datasets (84.33%) by 5.25%. Also, the removal of the second pooling layer from the network resulted in a 23.33% increase in overall accuracy on all four disease recognition datasets, up from 65.50% accuracy without the ablation. This also surpassed AlexNet’s overall accuracy on all four disease recognition datasets (84.33%) by 4.40%. The results suggest that the proposed feature extraction ConvNet is a performant method for plant disease recognition.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023-02

Authors: James Chacha, Murugan Thirumalai, Obeid Idawa, Josephine Chilwea, Concheska Kilamba, Bertha Hussy, Haania Ishaq, Kalidoss Rajendran

Abstract: Using herbicides is a timesaving technology that could increase crop productivity, revenue, and food security among resource-constrained farmers in the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region. However, the land sizes are small and pose a big question as to whether it is economical to embrace the technology. Again, if not used well, these products could be harmful to humans and other non-targeted organisms that significantly contribute to the well-being of the ecosystem. Across the region, 20 of 45 commonly used active ingredients have LD50 values below 2000 mg/kg. Therefore, proper selection and use of personal protective equipment are necessary to ensure the risks are managed to the lowest level possible. This research presents the current state of herbicide use in the SSA region and the potential health risks that farmers could face. It also outlines potential mitigation strategies that could be adapted for more sustainable usage.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023-01

Authors: Hillary Otieno

Abstract: Using herbicides is a timesaving technology that could increase crop productivity, revenue, and food security among resource-constrained farmers in the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region. However, the land sizes are small and pose a big question as to whether it is economical to embrace the technology. Again, if not used well, these products could be harmful to humans and other non-targeted organisms that significantly contribute to the well-being of the ecosystem. Across the region, 20 of 45 commonly used active ingredients have LD50 values below 2000 mg/kg. Therefore, proper selection and use of personal protective equipment are necessary to ensure the risks are managed to the lowest level possible. This research presents the current state of herbicide use in the SSA region and the potential health risks that farmers could face. It also outlines potential mitigation strategies that could be adapted for more sustainable usage.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023.v6.8264

Authors: Awoke Tadesse

Abstract: In Ethiopia, rice is an important cereal product. The lack of improved varieties that are suited to a particular area, however, it is the primary reason why the yield of this crop is constrained. This field experiment was carried out in Omorate, South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia, during the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons to assess the production and yield components of rice varieties. Six different varieties were used in the experiment: Ediget, Shaga, GSR Candidate, PARC V1, Nerica-6, and Adet. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used to experiment. Days to maturity, plant height, productive tillers per plant, panicle length, filled grain per panicle, above-ground dry biomass and harvest index were collected. Using the SAS software, an analysis of variance was performed on all data. The combined findings of this research showed that all traits varied significantly (p>0.05 or p>0.01) between varieties. According to the study’s findings and the agro pastoralists’ feedback,the Ediget rice variety was the top preferred. The Ediget variety produced the greatest grain yield (7239.6 kg ha-1) out of all the tested treatments. Therefore, it can be recommended to be promoted in the study area and its vicinity.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2023-026

Authors: Florien Odhiambo, Julius Manyala, Millicent Ndong’A, Elijah Museve, Hillary M. O. Otieno

Abstract: One of the main challenges in the aquaculture sector is the high cost of fishmeal, which accounts for about 70 percent of production costs. The black soldier fly (BSF) larvae meal could be an alternative because of its high protein and essential fatty acids contents that are important for fish to grow and develop normally.An analysis was carried out to examine the effect of various feeding strategies on the growth and performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Five diets with equal nitrogen content were enriched with BSF larvae meal at different proportions (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). The meal with 0% BSF was used as a control. The length and weight of the fish were collected biweekly, while mortality data were collected daily. The study assessed the length and weight relationship of the fish using the parameter 'b'(regression coefficient). From this research, 'b' was found to range from 3.230 to 3.635, indicating isometric growth patterns. The well-being of the experimental fish was also evaluated through the condition factor 'K,' which ranged from 0.907 to 1.002, suggesting that all the fish were in good health. We, therefore, conclude that substituting the conventional fish means with black soldier fly larvae appears to be possible and impacts fish growth normally.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2022.v5.8164

Authors: Zohaib Afzal, Shabar Hussain, Muhammad Arif, Muhammad Ahmed, Usama Iqbal, Ikram Ullah, Waqas Haider, Muhammad Behroz Fazal Hashmi

Abstract: Spodoptera litura is a major threat to agricultural crops all over the world including Pakistan. It has developed resistance to several chemicals, especially synthetic insecticides. Plant based chemicals like extracts may serve as suitable and alternative biocontrol methods for pests in the future. The current study was conducted to determine the biology of S. litura on cabbage and the effects of two botanicals i.e. Azadirachta indica and Eucalyptus globulus against 2nd and 3rd instar larvae in controlled conditions. The incubation period of pest was 3-4 days. The average mean developmental period of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th larval instar was 2.44±0.71, 2.32±0.74, 3.43±0.68, 2.76±0.80, and 2.40±0.79 days, respectively. The pre-ovipositional, and ovipositional period of females was 2.04-3.58 and 2.89-5.71 days respectively. The total life cycle of pests was 30.83-38.79 days. Significantly higher mortality of 2nd and 3rd instar larvae was recorded in A. indica. The percentage of mortality increased with an increase in treatment time.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2022.v5.1085

Authors: B. Muthuraman, K. Rajakugan, K. Meena, B. Rathna, E. Pazhani, T. Suganya, R. Arumugam, M. Nagarajan, S. Mathivanan, P. Manivannan, G. Rabert

Abstract: The current study emphases on assessing the efficiency of different biofertilizers, namely Phosphobacteria, Azospirillum, Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) and Potash Mobilizing Bacteria (PMB), concerning their impact on seeds germination, growth parameters and biochemical constituents of Maize (Zea mays L). The experimentation with seed inoculations of different biofertilizers to assess their influence on the germination, various growth parameters and biochemical constituents of maize. A germination study was conducted using maize seeds treated with a variety of biofertilizers. The investigation focused on multiple aspects, including germination percentage, vigor index, seedling growth, fresh and dry weights of the seedlings. The growth parameters and pigments of the maize plants at different intervals (15, 30, and 45 Days after sowing, or DAS), with comparisons made to a control group. The findings indicated that all the examined growth parameters and pigments exhibited gradual improvements with the application of various organic biofertilizers. Based on the data, among these biofertilizers, Azospirillum stood out as the most effective, leading to significant enhancements in maize seedling growth, morphological parameters, and pigment levels when compared to both other biofertilizers and the untreated control group.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2022.v5.1083

Authors: Malu Kishorekumar, P. Indira, T. E. George, T. Pradeepkumar, S. Kannan

Abstract: The study's goals were to find the perfect tropical cabbage hybrid for the plains and to examine whether it was feasible to grow cabbage both during the growing season and outside of it. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with four replications. Four F1 hybrids namely NS183, NS43, NS35 and Disha were used for the study during off season (July-Oct) and on season (Oct-Jan). Protected conditions were provided using a rainshelter of 100m2 floor area. The results revealed that non-wrapping leaves which is a non-desirable trait in cabbage was less inside polyhouse during both seasons. Plant spread was more in rain shelter crop during off season and was maximum for NS43 which was on par with other varieties tested. During on-season NS35 recorded maximum plant spread under both growing conditions. NS43 and NS35 can be recommended for offseason and on season cultivation respectively. Rain shelter cultivation provides a conducive condition for the cultivation of an additional crop thereby providing extra income for the farmers.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2022.v5.1080

Authors: S. Dev, S. Selvi, G. Rabert

Abstract: Agricultural progress is commonly considered as a prerequisite of economic development. While modern times associate economic growth with industrialization, it is widely acknowledged that a strong agricultural foundation is essential for industrialization to thrive. In developing economies, giving priority to agriculture is crucial to hasten economic advancement. Initially, agricultural operations were carried out by hired labourers. The Labour Enquiry Committee (1950-51) defined agricultural labourers as individuals who work for more than half of the total number of days in a year for wages. In the Indian society, agricultural labourers belong to the lowest rung of the socio-economic ladder, facing significant disadvantages such as low wages, poor working conditions, and irregular employment. Their earnings barely allow for a subsistence level of living, leading to hand-to-mouth existence. This paper aims to investigate the socio-economic conditions of agricultural labourers in the Thiruvali Panchayat, Sirkali Taluk, Mayiladuthurai District of Tamil Nadu. The study indicates that wages are remarkably low, and steps should be taken to ensure these workers earn a regular and fair income. It suggests implementing equal pay for equal work in both agriculture and non-agriculture sectors. Additionally, the implementation of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) could assist agricultural labourers during the off-season, necessitating an increase in wages and the number of days of employment.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2022.v5.1084

Authors: Ashok Kumar

Abstract: From germination through senescence, the growth hormones control the growth and development of plants. Numerous plant growth regulators disrupt the natural hormonal equilibrium. The most significant class of systemic compounds created to treat fungus-related illnesses in both plants and animals are called triazoles. These triazole compounds have effects on plant growth regulation as well as fungitoxicity. Triadimefon and propiconazole, two triazoles, were found to have an impact on the Chinese potato (Solenostemon rotundifolius (Poir.) J. K. Morton), a significant tuber crop grown in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Chinese potato leaves and tubers showed reduced electrolyte leakage due to the presence of triazole compounds. Lipid peroxidation was inhibited by triazole treatments, and this inhibition was stronger in leaves than in tubers. Propiconazole, as opposed to triadimefon, was the triazole that inhibited the lipid peroxidation the most.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2022.v5.1079

Authors: S. Suganthi, P. Elavazhahan, P. Manivannan

Abstract: Standardizing the saline water irrigation is an important step towards saline water irrigation in agriculture. An experiment was conducted to study the salinity tolerance level of mangrove plant, Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. Under pot culture system. different levels of salinity (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 and 1000 mM NaCl) were imposed on the plants and the variations in mineral content levels was analyzed. Samplings were done on 60, 120 and 180th days after NaCl treatment. From the results it is clear that Mineral constituents such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium were increased upto the optimum concentration and there by the tolerance level of this mangrove towards salinity was calculated.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2022.v5.1078

Authors: Kaliyamoorthy Jayakumar, P. Aksah

Abstract: In this study, an economically important crop plant Bhendi (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) were treated with various concentrations of cobalt to test its effect on the growth of the plants. For the growth of many plants, cobalt is necessary. Conversely, higher amounts of cobalt are poisonous to plants. Seeds were cultivated in pots with soil that had not been treated (the control) and soil that had cobalt added to it in doses of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg kg-1. For each sample, the several morphological characteristics including root length, shoot length, number of nodules, total leaf area, dry weight of root and shoot per plant, and leaf area were measured. Soil cobalt level of 50 mg kg-1 was found beneficial to the plants.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2022.v5.1081

Authors: P. Elavazhagan, A. K. Rajalakshmi

Abstract: A study was conducted to investigate the allelopathic potential of aqueous whole plant extracts of Ammannia baccifera L., Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. and Cyperus difformis L. on germination and growth of Cicer arietinum L. plants. Different concentrations (10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) of whole plant extracts were prepared from three weed species. Experiments were conducted by petri plate culture. The germination percentage, root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight were adversely inhibited by Cicer arietinum L. seedlings with increasing the concentration of weed extract. From the study of result, Ammannia baccifera L. was high toxic and Cyperus difformis L. was less toxic to the germination and seedling growth of test crop.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2022.v5.1082

Authors: Malu Kishorekumar, P. Indira, T. E. George, T. Pradeepkumar, S. Kannan

Abstract: The present study was undertaken in the Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Thrissur, Kerala. The objectives of the study were to identify an ideal hybrid of tropical cabbage for the plains and to study the feasibility of cabbage cultivation in on and off- seasons. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with four replications. Four F1 hybrids namely NS183, NS43, NS35 (Namdhari Seeds Pvt Ltd.) and Disha (Seminis India Pvt Ltd) were used for the study during off season (July-Oct) and on season (Oct-Jan). Protected conditions were provided using a rain shelter of 100m2 floor area. The results revealed that NS43 was the earliest to achieve 50% head formation (during both seasons and growing conditions) and to achieve 50% maturity (during both seasons inside polyhouse). Net head weight was maximum for NS43 inside polyhouse during off-season and for NS35 inside and outside polyhouse during on-season. pest and disease incidence was more in open field during both seasons. NS43 and NS35 can be recommended for offseason and on season cultivation respectively. Rain shelter cultivation provides a conducive condition for the cultivation of an additional crop thereby providing extra income for the farmers.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2022.v5.001

Authors: Radhakrishnan Subramanian, Ibrahim Belal

Abstract: The healthiest and most effective method of producing food is aquaponics, particularly in arid regions. In comparison to conventional crop production, aquaponics uses less than 90% of the water, produces crops that grow more quickly, and does not employ pesticides. With an average weight of 17g, fish Oreochromis niloticus tanks were stocked with 120 fish per m2. Three times per day, Nile tilapia were fed a floating commercial tilapia diet until they were full. Three cucumber plants were planted per square meter in plant culture raceways. Water, feed, and electricity usage are all tracked in aquaponics systems. The growth characteristics and monthly production of the fish and cucumber were noted. Environmental aspects of the system, including light intensity, temperature, and water quality parameters, were assessed. Six months were spent conducting the experiment in a two-time cultivation. Three months were needed from one seedling to harvest; the first month was spent growing and flowering the plant, and the second and third months were used to harvest the cucumbers. With an input of 992.67 tons of feed, 12110.13 K.Wh of electricity, and 59.20 m3 of water consumption, each aquaponics system produced on average 3.2 tons of cucumber in a 120 m2 area and 0.5 tons of fish in a 15 m3 area.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2021.v4.2798

Authors: B. Muthuraman, A. Dhivya, P. Navaneetha, S. Mathivanan, B. Muthuraman, M. Nagarajan, M. Paramasivam

Abstract: In this study, the effectiveness of plant growth promoting fungus (PGPF) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Bhendi (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) was estimated. Germination study was conducted with Bhendi seeds treated in different PGPR and PGPF. The growth indices like vigour index, seedling growth, shoot length, root length, total leaf area, fresh weight and dry weight and yield parameters were taken into consideration for this experiment. All these morphological growth parameters gradually increased with PGPF and PGPR when compared to control. On the basis of germination study data, the best growth of bhendi seedling was recorded in PGPF followed by PGPR when compare with control.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2021.v4.1979

Authors: A. K. Rajalakshmi, P. Elavazhahan, P. Manivannan

Abstract: Along with their ecological significance, the Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. mangrove is interesting for its abundance of natural compounds, some of which have the potential to be used in medicine. In this study the effect of different concentrations of sodium chloride on growth and development of seedlings of L. racemosa was analysed. The growth parameters such as shoot and root length, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh weight and dry mass production increased with increasing sodium chloride upto 500 mM and it can be concluded that, this plant can grow and survive in this salt level.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2021.v4.2797

Authors: S. Suganthi, K. G. Sivagami, C. Maheswari, P. Manivannan

Abstract: Drought stress is one of the major environmental problem affecting agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. In present study, the effect of drought stress on Pennisetum glaucum L. (Pearl millet) plants was studied. The seed were sown in plastic pots from 30 days after sowing (DAS). The plants were treated with 3 DID (Days Interval Droughts), 4 DID, 5 DID and 6DID and 30th to 60th DAS. The plants samples were collected from 40th, 50th and 60th DAS. The biochemical like, protein content decreased to increasing drought stress to a larger extent when compared to control plants and also increased the amino acids and proline content to the larger extent with increasing DID when compared to control. The proline metabolizing enzyme like g-glutamyl kinase activity was increased and decreased proline oxidase activity on drought stressed plants.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2021.v4.6990

Authors: Md. Hafiz All Amin, Most. Akter, Arup Biswas, Md. Masud Rana Parvej, Sarkar Rayhan

Abstract: Food security and maximum land use system are the priorities of crop production technique in the present global food growing environment. The tomato-Albizia lebbck agroforestry is an effective smart production approach. The aim of this research is to find out the appropriate combination of organic mulch leads the tomato Albizia lebbck agroforestry production as compared to sole cropping technique for growth, yield, and quality that brings health hygiene for fresh and cooked consumption. The experiment was laid out following two factors split plot design with three (3) replications. Tomato in open field (T0) and tomato under Albizia lebbeck woodlot agroforestry system (T1) were arranged in main plots. Conversely, the usage of organic mulches was set in sub-plots viz. M0= No mulch, M1= Ash mulch, M2= Saw dust mulch, and M3= Water hyacinth mulch. The results indicated the highest yield (32.65 t/ha) was found in water hyacinth mulch (M3) and the lowest yield (21.37 t/ha) was detected in M0 without mulch (control). The treatment M3 (water hyacinth mulch) gave the maximum sugar-acid ratio (12.04%) and minimum sugar-acid ratio (9.42%) was found in control (no mulch). Furthermore, the result showed the production potentiality was the highest yield (29.41 t ha-1) was found in tomato- Albizia lebbeck agroforestry (T1) and the lowest yield (25.95 t ha-1) was recorded in sole cropping of tomato (T0). The maximum sugar-acid ratio (11.37%) was found in tomato- Albizia lebbeck agroforestry (T1) and the minimum sugar-acid ratio (10.31%) was found in sole cropping of tomato (T0). On the other, the combined effect tomato- Albizia lebbeck agroforestry with water hyacinth mulch gave the highest yield (35.01 while, the lowest yield (22.47 t ha-1) was observed in sole cropping of tomato without mulch. The research finding also revealed the maximum benefit-cost ratio (4.94) was found from the tomato- Albizia lebbeck agroforestry which was 20 % higher than tomato was grown in sole cropping. Finally, the tomato- Albizia lebbeck agroforestry production in association with organic hyacinth mulch can be an effective production approach for maximum return in terms of yield, quality and money.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2021.v4.6899

Authors: Md. Islam, Kawsar Hossen, Mithila Afroge, Arman Hosen, Kazi A A Matin Masum, Muhammad Osman, Md. Istiak Hossain Joy, Farhana Chowdhury

Abstract: An experiment was conducted in the Agriculture Field Laboratory, Noakhali Science and Technology University (NSTU) to evaluate the effects of age of seedlings on the yield and growth performance of transplanted Aus (T. Aus) rice variety from April 2019 to July 2019. The experiment was carried out assigning four age of seedlings (T1 = 22-day old, T2 = 24-day old, T3 = 27-day old, T4 = 30-day old) and two rice varieties (V1 = BRRI dhan83, V2 = BRRI dhan65). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. In case of variety, the highest plant height (102.108 cm), the highest grain yield (2.643 t/ha), and the highest harvest index (32.317%) were obtained in BRRI dhan83 where the lowest plant height (87.804 cm), the lowest grain yield (2.431 t/ha) and the lowest harvest index (32.068%) were obtained in BRRRI dhan65. The age of seedlings had significantly affected total tillers/hill, effective tillers/hill, panicle length in T. Aus rice variety. The highest plant height (98.16 cm), straw yield (6.122 t/ha), the maximum number of effective tillers/hill (15.347) were obtained in 24 days old seedlings. The highest grain yield (2.634 t/ha) was obtained from 27 days old seedlings, and the highest harvest index (33.88%) was obtained from 22 days old seedlings. The lowest grain yield (2.429) was obtained from 24 days old seedlings, and the lowest panicle length (13.753 cm), harvest index (30.467%), and the minimum number of effective tillers/hill (13.753) were obtained from 30 days old seedlings. The lowest straw yield (5.075 t/ha) and plant height (93.16 cm) were obtained from 22 days old seedlings. In case of interaction, the highest plant height (104.667 cm) and the harvest index (34.86%) were observed in BRRI dhan83 at 27 days old seedlings. The highest straw yield (5.805 t/ha) was observed in BRRI dhan65 at 30 days old seedlings. The maximum number of effective tillers/hill (18.519) was observed in BRRI dhan83 at 24 days old seedlings. The highest grain yield (2.94 t/ha) was observed in BRRI dhan83 at 22 days old seedlings. The lowest plant height (80.67 cm) was observed in BRRI dhan65 at 27 days old seedlings. The minimum number of total tillers/hill (17.01) was observed in BRRI dhan83 at 22 days old seedlings; lowest panicle length (20.78 cm), the minimum number of grains/panicle (68.07) were observed in BRRI dhan65 at 24 days old seedlings; 1000 grains weight (22.76 g), the lowest grain yield (2.18 t/ha) were observed in BRRI dhan83 at 24 days old seedlings; the lowest straw yield (4.54 t/ha) was observed in BRRI dhan65 at 22 days seedlings old and lowest harvest index (29.09%) were observed in BRRI dhan65 at 30 days old seedlings. Based on the above results, it may be concluded that almost all of the yield and yield contributing characters of T. Aus rice performed best under the interaction between age of seedlings 22 days old seedlings and the variety BRRI dhan85.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2020.v3.1986

Authors: Mouza S. M. Ali, Shyam Kurup, Mohammed A. Salem Alyafei, Abdul Jaleel

Abstract: This study aimed to determine whether the application of different potassium salts (KCl, K2SO4, KNO3, KH2PO4) can alleviate the NaCl induced salinity in maize plants. NaCl stress decreased maize morphological parameters versus the control. NaCl combined with different type of potassium supplements were not significantly increased the root and stem length versus treatments with NaCl. However, a decrease in chlorophyll 'a', 'b', and total chlorophyll concentrations have been noted in the NaCl stressed plants when compared to control. The chlorophyll content rose with age in the leaves of control and treated plants. When compared to NaCl stressed plants, the chlorophyll content was higher in the NaCl with different types of potassium. Proline content increase in Maize plants under treatment with NaCl when compared to the control. To provide stress protection, several types of potassium are added along with NaCl to further reduce the proline concentration. Compared to the control, the phenol content of Maize plants treated with NaCl marginally increased. The phenol concentration was further raised by the addition of various potassium types along with NaCl, providing additional stress protection. The present study; therefore, suggests that exogenous potassium salts confers tolerance to salt stress to maize plants and have a significant role in partial alleviation of salinity stress especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Keywords: salinity, potassium salt, alleviation, biochemical, pigments

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2020.v3.2198

Authors: A. K. Rajalakshmi, P. Elavazhahan, P. Manivannan

Abstract: High concentrations of harmful ions like salt and chloride can have a direct impact on plant growth. So, the saline water irrigation in agriculture should be studied in a model system. In this study, we conducted a detailed investigation on the comparative effect of exogenous addition of different concentrations of sodium chloride on the organic components, in the seedlings of Lumnitzera racemosa Willd, a much commonly known mangrove species inhabiting the salt marsh ecosystem as no such detailed physiological studies have been made in this species earlier. From this study, it can be concluded that, salinity has an impact on the biochemical constituents of this important mangrove species.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2020.v3.6298

Authors: Arju Miah, Nihar Saha, Md S M Shahriar Parvej, Md. Ali, A K M Shahadat Hossain, Sayma Farabi, Amit Basunia

Abstract: Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is a fiber crop classified in the genus Hibiscus (Malvaceae), and has a great potential for its multipurpose utilization, in addition to its traditional usage. Varietal identification of kenaf is always problematic and knowledge on genetic variability of kenaf varieties is also limited, which significantly hindered our effective utilization and conservation of the valuable kenaf germplasm. In order to find a proper method for identifying kenaf varieties and studying their variation, morpho-agronomic characters were analyzed. Fifty eight accessions of kenaf germplasm collected from Gene Bank Department of Bangladesh Jute Research Institute were characterized at Jute Agriculture Experiment Station, Manikganj during April 2014 to December 2014. The accessions were characterized for fifteen morpho-agronomic attributes as per Hibiscus descriptor in order to select superior genotypes for the genetic improvement of kenaf. Considerable ranges of variability were observed in stem colour, petiole colour, plant height, base diameter, dry fibre weight, dry core weight, green weight with leaves and green weight without leaves. Based on major yield contributing characters accessions 1653, 3384, 3928 and 4202 performed better than the control varieties HC-2 and HC-95.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2020.v4.2197

Authors: Radhakrishnan Subramanian

Abstract: Lettuce and cucumber are two essential salad ingredients that must be included for the dish to be complete. In the current study, we carried out a small pilot study on the co-cultivation of lettuce and cucumber in an effective aquaponics system. The experiment lasts for a total of four months, during which time the lettuce and cucumbers are grown for three and four months, respectively. In between the lettuce plants, which were grown at a density of 17 plants per square meter, the cucumber plants were planted at a density of 3 plants per square meter. Each month, the physicochemical quality and yield performance of harvested lettuce and cucumbers were evaluated. In the mixed cultivation method, lettuce and cucumber produce more, and the biochemical reports reveal no significant change over the course of the entire experimental period. The third month of lettuce production revealed a significantly lower overall yield. The final results showed that both crops were successfully utilizing the nutrients in the aquaponics water, demonstrating the efficiency of the nitrification process in the aquaponics environment. According to the findings, the current experiment suggests cucumber and lettuce be grown together, which is suitable for aquaponics systems. The study also found that cucumber and lettuce can be grown together in an aquaponic system without any negative effects on either crop.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2020.v3.6115

Authors: Maysoun Saleh, Fariza. Alsarhan

Abstract: Study was conducted at Al-Raqqa Research Centre in The General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research in Syria during the growing seasons 2011/2012. Eight primitive wheat genotypes and two local cultivated varieties were planted in Randomized Complete Block Design in three replications, yield components (number of fertile tillers, number and weight of grains per spike and weight of thousand grain) were studied. Results showed that the genotype Persian 64 was significantly superior in three traits of yield components (number of fertile tillers, number and weight of grains per spike) comparing to the check sham5, and also the genotype Polish 194 was significantly superior in weight of thousand grain comparing to both checks sham3 and sham5 (53.12, 40.80, 40.02) g respectively with an increase rate 30.20% and 32.73% comparing to both checks sham3 and sham5 respectively. It is recommended to use the superior genotypes in breeding programs to ensure the sustainability of wheat production.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2019.v2.1901

Authors: R. Ranganathan, A. K. Rajalakshmi, P. Elavazhahan, P. Manivannan

Abstract: The present study was carried out in Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. a dicotyledonous mangrove (family: Combretaceae). NaCl at the rate of 0 (control), 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 and 1000 mM were given to 1 month old and fully established seedlings. Samplings were done on 60th 120th and 180th days after NaCl treatment. Chlorophyll, carotenoids, Net leaf photosynthesis, photosynthetic carboxylases and amylases were estimated from the samples. Salinity from sodium chloride encouraged the synthesis of carotenoid and chlorophyll in L. racemosa to the ideal concentration. When NaCl salinity is increased, photosynthetic properties such net leaf photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, leaf chamber temperature, and intercellular CO2 concentration decreased. This information can be used to assess the effect of increasing concentration of salinity in crop plants.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2019.v2.1979

Authors: Mohammed Alyafei, Wasef Alzayadneh, Mohammed A. Salem Alyafei

Abstract: The interactive impacts of the elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on the morpho-physiological traits of UAE native plants are not clearly understood. Elevations of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and ultraviolet-B (UV-B) irradiation in the growth environment may have a high impact on the accumulation of carbon in plants, and the different factors may work in opposite directions or induce additive effects. In this study, the mitigating effects of three native plants (Aerva javanica, Capparis spinosa, and Lycium shawii) on environmental stress were evaluated in open top chambers (OTC) under transparent conditions in the hot climate of the United Arab Emirates. The physiological attributes such as photosynthesis, tissue content of chlorophyll and carotenoids with simultaneous determination of biochemical constituents were assessed to understand the plant response mechanisms to the interaction of CO2 and UV-B. Under prevalent experimental conditions, UV-B radiation did not affect the measured physiological parameters. Results revealed that traits and varieties tolerant to a combination of stress situation provide novel insight into the mechanisms of tolerance and adaptations and will be useful to devise strategies for development of improved native plants suitable for this region through breeding programs and genetic engineering.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2020.v3.1901

Authors: S. Suganthi, V. Ravi, P. Manivannan

Abstract: Propiconazole (PRO) and hexaconazole (HEX), two significant plant growth regulators, were applied on Beet root plants to test their effect on photosynthetic pigments and biochemical concentration. Each plant was treated with 15mg L-1 PRO and 15 mg L-1 HEX by soil drenching on 30, 40 and 50 days after planting (DAP).Chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content, carotenoid, protein, proline and Starch contents, were analysed from shoot and root on 40, 50 and 60 DAP. PRO and HEX applications increased the chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, protein, proline and starch contents in beetroot. It can be concluded that, these compounds have beneficial effects on tuber plants other than their fungicidal actions.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2019.v2.5467

Authors: Asfand Raheel, Awais Ghani, Raheel Babar, Muhammad Ullah, Ali Zaffar, Muzammil Jahangir, Maouz Iqbal

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted to identify growth pattern and morphological traits of 16 varietal lines of Tinda gourd specie (Praecitrullus fistulosus) germplasms. The field experiment was conducted in olericulture area of Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. One local variety as check with fifteen genotypes of Tinda gourd was grown in Olericulture field. Flat beds technique as growing medium was applied in field for seeds to germinate. Data on germination percentage, days to flowering, male flower ratio, female flower ratio, length of vine in (cm) and tendrils which were taken as phenotypically. Data were analyzed statistically by using method ANOVA and their means were compared by using SE techniques. The maximum Germination percentage (G %), DTF (days to flowering), MF (male flower), FF (female flower) and LV (length of vine) were recorded was L0 (94.00), L0 (54.33), L11 (110.33), L11 (14.33) and L0 (55.33) and the minimum were recorded was L4 (74.00), L11 (35), L3 (80), L7 (9) and L1 (46) cm respectively. Treatments showed different results according to regarding parameters while tendrils were present and coiled.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2019.v2.1116

Authors: Rajesh Jadhav

Abstract: The DPJ (Deproteinised Juice) or whey constituents were responsible for the induction of growth optimization of plants, various fungi including yeast, Rhizobium reported by earlier workers. In previous experiments, DPJ maximised the growth of plants and seed germination. During present investigation the carbohydrates, amino acids and protein tests were taken into the consideration. All the tests found positive. Despite, the extract is deproteinised, still there was persistence of few proteins and amino acids. The collection of mycelia grown on DPJ was filtered and the culture filtrates recommended to use in vitro for the industrial purpose for biomass and secondary metabolites. Experimental DPJ is compared with the glucose nitrate medium as control. These positive tests revealed the suitability of DPJ to be used as the medium for the growth of fungi. Positive amino acid tests conspicuously revealed presence of phytohormones in members of Brassicaceae DPJ and hence advisable to be utilised for the plant growth in vivo, plant callus growth and cell proliferation of mycelia in vitro.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2018.v1.i2.1040

Authors: J. Sherly, R. Renuka

Abstract: Five wild Solanum species were screened against dry root rot disease in glass house condition with commonly cultivated brinjal as control. The disease was scored at different day’s interval on 30th, 45th and 60th days after planting (DAP). Among the wild species screened and evaluated the species S. torvum was observed without any disease incidence i.e (0). The least per cent of disease incidence was observed in S. incanum (38.60%) which was followed by S. xanthocarpum (42.80%), S. viarum (64.20%) and CO2 (78.50 %) susceptible check at 30 DAP. Secondary metabolites were analysed from both wild and control plants. Based on the per cent disease incidence values S. torvum was graded as ‘Resistant’ against M. phaseolina and can be recommended as a best rootstock for brinjal under varying climatic condition especially where the dry climate prevails.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2018.v1.i2.1028

Authors: Muhammad Latif, Falak Sher, Muzzammil Hussain

Abstract: A field survey was conducted during 2016 to estimate the profitability of normal season and off-season muskmelon cultivation in district Sialkot, Pakistan. The primary data was collected from forty farmers with convenience sampling method. Economic parameters like net return and BCR were employed. Off-season muskmelon cultivation was found economically feasible due to additions of yield (17%), gross income (122%), profit (161%) and market price (90%) in comparison to normal season crop. Therefore, it is recommended to cultivate the off-season muskmelon (BCR 3.26) to obtain more profit and fulfill the customer demand in less supply period instead of normal season cultivation (BCR 2.44).

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2018.v1.i2.1031

Authors: R. Udhayakumar

Abstract: Mango anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a highly destructive pathogen that causes considerable damage, inflicting severe qualitative and quantitative losses. Among the external factors which influence the growth of fungi, temperature and relative humidity plays an important role. Each pathogen has got its own cardinal temperature and relative humidity, also understanding about these factors will help to standardize the management strategies. Among the six temperature levels tested, 25°C was found to be more conducive for the mycelial growth (88.33 mm), conidial germination (69.00%) of C. gloeosporioides, and maximum disease development (97.00 %) which was followed by room temperature (28+2°C).The maximum disease incidence of 97.00 per cent in the fruits was recorded at 25oC followed by room temperature (28±2oC) (83.33 %) after 10 days of inoculation. Among the seven relative humidity levels tested, the maximum mycelial growth (87.00 mm), conidial germination (72.00%) and maximum disease incidence (97.00 %) was recorded at 100 per cent relative humidity, which was followed by 92.9% relative humidity level (83.00 mm; 61.67% mycelial growth and conidia germination, respectively). The least mycelial growth (7.33 mm) and conidial germination (0.0%) was recorded at 36.8% relative humidity level.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2018.v1.i2.1033

Authors: R. Immanuel, M. Thiruppathi, V. Mullaivendhan

Abstract: Field experiments were conducted in the degraded coastal agro ecosystem with different land management methods and ameliorative amendments such as to boost the growth of identified MPT’s in degraded soil. The field experiment were laid out in split plot design and consisted of 16 treatment combinations with four land management treatment in the main plots (M1-pit method, M2-trench method , M3-mound method and M4-Auger hole method) and four ameliorative treatment in sub plots (S1-FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 + Gypsum @ 200 kg ha-1+ ZnsO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 + Azospirillum @ 2kg ha-1+ Phosphobacteria @ 2 kg ha-1, S2- Pressmud @ 15 t ha-1+ Gypsum @ 200 kg ha-1+ ZnsO4 @ 25 kg ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 2kg ha-1 + Phosphobacteria @ 2 kg ha-1, S3– Composted coir pith @ 10 t ha-1 + Gypsum @ 200 kg ha-1 + ZnsO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 + Azospirillum @ 2 kg ha-1+Phosphobacteria @ 2 kg ha-1 and S4- no amendments). The treatment was replicated three times for the identified MPT’s of Pongamia pinnata Based on the results of present study it can be clearly found that trench method of planting in combination with FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1, Gypsum @ 200 kg ha-1, ZnsO4 @ 25 kg ha-1, Azospirillum @ 2 kg ha-1 and phosphobacteria @ 2 kg ha-1 recorded the highest establishment percentage height, girth, PGR and taproot length of identified MPT’s of Pongamia pinnata n the degraded coastal soil.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2018.v1.i2.1032

Authors: Belay Gessese

Abstract: Forests and other vegetation resources in Guraferda district offer diverse NTFPs that provide substantial inputs for the livelihoods of the community. Thus, information regarding to the status of NTFPs of the district is vital for proper management of these resources. However, up to date information on the status of non-timber forest products in Guraferda district is found to be lacking. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the status of NTFPs in the district. Information was collected through household survey and key informant interview. Analysis of data was accomplished through the use of SPSS (version 20) and Microsoft Excel software. Results of the study identified that important NTFPs of the district like honey, forest coffee, forest tuber, forest spices, important health care medicinal plants, Antiaris toxicaria tree with a bark that serves as cloth and sleeping mat preparation, edible forest leaves and fruits, and wild animals for bush meat consumption, that have significantly declined.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2018.v1.i1.1034

Authors: S. Manimaran, V. Prakash

Abstract: Field experiment was conducted to study the influence of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on yield parameters of rice (ADT 36). The experiment consists of twelve treatments with three replications viz., T1-100 % Recommended Dose (RD) of NPK kg ha-1 (120:38:38), T2 - RD with soil application of Beema green granules 25 Kg ha-1 at 20 DAT, T3 -75 % RD of NPK kg ha-1 (90:38:38) with soil application of Beema green granules 25 Kg ha-1 at 20 DAT, T4 - RD with foliar spray of panchagavya 3 % at 30 and 45 DAT, T5 - RD with soil application of Beema green granules 25 Kg ha-1 20 DAT with foliar spray of panchagavya 3 % at 30 and 45 DAT, T6 -75 % RD of NPK kg ha-1 (90:38:38) with soil application of Beema green granules 25 Kg ha-1 20 DAT with foliar spray of panchagavya 3 % at 30 and 45 DAT, T7 - RD with foliar spray of Nitrobenzene 750ml ha-1 at 20 DAT, T8 - RD with soil application of Beema green granules 25 Kg ha-1 at 20 DAT with foliar spray of Nitrobenzene 750ml ha-1 at 30 DAT, T9 -75 % RD of NPK kg ha-1 (90:38:38) with soil application of Beema green granules 25 Kg ha-1 at 20 DAT with foliar spray of Nitrobenzene 750ml ha-1 at 30 DAT, T10 - RD with foliar spray of panchagavya 3 % at 30 DAT and foliar spray of Nitrobenzene 750ml ha-1 at 45 DAT, T11 - RD with soil application of Beema green granules 25 Kg ha-1 at 20 DAT and foliar spray of panchagavya 3 % at 30 DAT and foliar spray of Nitrobenzene 750ml ha-1 at 45 DAT, T12 -75 % RD of NPK kg ha-1 (90:38:38) with soil application of Beema green granules 25 Kg ha-1 at 20 DAT and foliar spray panchagavya 3 % at 30 DAT and foliar spray of Nitrobenzene 750ml ha-1 at 45 DAT.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2018.v1.i1.1027

Authors: M. Thiruppathi, R. Kavitha, K. Thanunathan

Abstract: A study was conducted to estimate the effect of seed priming techniques on germination and growth performance of castor. The seeds were subjected to priming in different concentration (1, 2 and 3 %) of solution viz., ZnSo4, Kc1 , KH2PO4, CaCl2,Cowdung slurry and water along with unprimed dry seed as a control. The result revealed that percentage of seed germination, germination index, speed of germination, seed vigour index, seedling shoot and root length, seedling root volume, seedling root and shoot dry weight and relative water content of castor were significantly higher with 2 per cent ZnSo4 primed seed, Hydropriming with 2 per cent ZnSo4 is the most promising priming technique for enhancing seedling characters and drought tolerance.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2018.v1.i1.1035

Authors: K. Ganesh, P. Sundaramoorthy

Abstract: Heavy metals are one of the most important pollutants released to the aquatic environment by the various industrial activities. The use of these wastewater for irrigation results accumulation of heavy metals in soil and plants. So, the present investigation deals with the various concentrations (0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/l) of copper and zinc on germination studies of soybean. The different concentrations of copper and zinc were used for germination studies. The seedlings were allowed to grow upto seven days. The studied morphological traits increased at 5 mg/l concentration and these parameters are gradually decreased with the increase of copper and zinc concentrations.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2018.v1.i1.1029

Authors: S. Anuja, Gollavenkata Sowjanya

Abstract: An investigation was carried in two seasons, season I during (July-Sep) 2015 and season II during (Feb-April) 2016 with thirty-five genotypes of cluster bean to identify superior genotypes for further crop breeding programmes. The results revealed that the season I showed relatively superior mean performance with respect to plant height, number of pods, and pod yield per plant when compared to season II. During season I, genotypes CT-31, CT-26, CT-32, CT-27 showed better performance in terms of pod yield per plant,and, number of pods per plant. During season II, genotypes CT-31,CT-26, CT-33 showed better performance in terms of pod yield per plant, number of pods per plant.

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DOI: 10.25081/ia.2018.v1.i1.1030

Authors: L. Mullainathan, S. Umavathi

Abstract: A study was conducted to compare the effect of mutagens on yield and yield attributes of chickpea in M1 generation. In this regard, ‘CO-4’ variety of chickpea was subjected to different concentrations of gamma rays (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60kR) and EMS (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50mM) for inducing mutation. The effect of gamma rays and EMS with different doses/concentrations on yield and yield attributes were observed in M1 generation. From the result, it was observed that the mean value of all the quantitative traits of M1 generation showed a reduction upon enhancing the doses of mutagen. Mean performance in terms of these traits showed good qualities in comparison with the treated plant. The lethal doses were found in 40kR of gamma rays and 30mM of EMS and were carefully analyzed for further generations.

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